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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of cell

A
  • prokaryotic
  • eukaryotic
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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • single celled organism
  • smaller than eukaryotic
  • doesn’t contain membrane bound subcellular structures
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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • organism made up of eukaryotic cells
  • bigger than prokaryotic
  • contains membrane bound subcellular structures
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4
Q

Animal cell type

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Plant cell type

A

Eukaryotic

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6
Q

Bacteria cell type

A

Prokaryotic

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7
Q

Animal cell subcellular structures

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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8
Q

Nucleus

A
  • contains cell DNA
  • controls cell activity
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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • where most chemical reactions take place
  • contains enzymes to control reaction
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10
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls substances going in and out of the cell

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where energy is released through aerobic respiration

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are synthesised

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13
Q

Plant cell subcellular structures

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • permanent vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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14
Q

Cell wall

A
  • supports and strengthens cell
  • made of cellulose
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15
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap - weak solution of salt and sugars

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16
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs
  • contain chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis
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17
Q

Bacteria subcellular structures

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • plasmids
  • strand of DNA floating in cytoplasm
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18
Q

Plasmids

A

Small rings of DNA

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19
Q

How do light microscopes work

A

Use light and lenses to form image of specimen and magnify it

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20
Q

What can be viewed with light microscope

A
  • individual cells
  • large subcellular structures
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21
Q

How do electron microscopes work

A

Use electrons to form an image

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22
Q

What can be viewed with electron microscope

A
  • internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • smaller things like ribosomes and plasmids
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23
Q

Microscope with higher resolution

A

Electron

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24
Q

Microscope with higher magnification

A

Electron

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25
Q

Magnification triangle

A
  • AIM
  • A - actual size
  • I - image size
  • M - magnification
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26
Q

Microscopy practical - prepare slide

A
  • add water droplet to slide
  • cut onion and use tweezers to peel epidermal tissue
  • place tissue on water on slide
  • add iodine to stain and highlight cell
  • place cover slip on top by standing it upright beside slide, slowly tilt and lower on, avoid air bubbles
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27
Q

Microscopy practical - viewing

A
  • clip slide to stage
  • select lowest power objective lens
  • use coarse focus knob to move stage up just below objective lens
  • look down eyepiece, move stage down till in focus
  • adjust fine focus knob to get clearer image
  • use higher powered objective lens and refocus for greater magnification
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28
Q

Microscopy practical - drawing

A
  • draw with sharp pencil
  • use at least half space available
  • draw clear, unbroken lines
  • no colouring/shading
  • draw subcellular structures in proportion
  • write title and magnification
  • label features with straight, uncrossed lines
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29
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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30
Q

When can animal cells differentiate

A

At an early stage

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31
Q

When can plant cells differentiate

A

All through their lives

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32
Q

What are most cells differentiated in mature animals used for

A
  • repair
  • replacing cells
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33
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can become specialised

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34
Q

Specialised animal cells

A
  • sperm
  • egg
  • nerve
  • muscle
  • nerve
  • ciliated
  • red blood
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35
Q

Sperm cell function

A

Fertilise an egg cell to form an embryo

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36
Q

Sperm cell specialisations

A
  • tail to aid movement
  • many mitochondria to release energy for movement
  • acrosome head released enzymes to digest egg membrane
  • haploid nucleus contains genetic material for fertilisation
  • produced in large numbers to increase chance of fertilisation
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37
Q

Nerve cell function

A

Carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

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38
Q

Nerve cell specialisations

A
  • long to cover large distances of the body quickly
  • branched connections connect nerve cells together
  • fatty myelin sheath to increase speed of messages travelling
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39
Q

Egg cell function

A

Join with a sperm cell to form an embryo

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40
Q

Egg cell specialisations

A
  • cytoplasm contains nutrients for embryo growth
  • haploid nucleus contains genetic material for fertilisation
  • cell membrane changes after fertilisation to allow no more sperm
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41
Q

Muscle cells function

A

Contract and relax to make bones move and joints bend

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42
Q

Ciliated cells function

A

Move mucus containing dust back up airways

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43
Q

Ciliated cells specialisations

A
  • have tiny hairs (cilia) on top which beat in rhythm to move mucus
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44
Q

Villi function

A

Absorb digested food and water into blood

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45
Q

Villi specialisations

A
  • large surface area increases diffusion rate
  • thin one cell thick walls increase diffusion rate
  • lining cells have tiny hairs to absorb more water
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46
Q

Specialised plant cells

A
  • root hair
  • palisade
  • xylem
  • phloem
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47
Q

Root hair cells function

A
  • absorb water and minerals from soil
  • hold plants in place as they grow
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48
Q

Root hair cell specialisations

A

Tiny hairs increase surface area for more absorption

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49
Q

Palisade cells function

A

Major site of photosynthesis

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50
Q

Palisade cell specialisations

A
  • towards tops of leaf for maximum light
  • lots of chloroplasts
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51
Q

Xylem cells function

A

Transport water from roots to other parts of the plant

52
Q

Xylem cells specialisations

A
  • die and ends break down to form hollow tubes for transportation
  • thick cell walls support plant and hold it up for photosynthesis and reproduction
53
Q

Phloem cells function

A

Transport sugary water from leaves to rest of plant

54
Q

Phloem cells specialisations

A
  • few subcellular structures so more stuff can flow through
  • next to companion cells with release energy for phloem
55
Q

Where are chromosomes found

A

Nucleus

56
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

57
Q

Where are genes found

A

Chromosomes

58
Q

Genes

A

Control development of different characteristics

59
Q

How many copies of each chromosome in the body

A

2

60
Q

How many chromosomes in a human cell

A

23 pairs

61
Q

Why is cell cycle needed

A
  • growth
  • development
  • repair
62
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A
  • growth and DNA replication
  • mitosis
63
Q

Cell cycle - growth and DNA replication

A
  • DNA is spread out
  • cell grows
  • organelles copy
  • DNA duplicates to form X shaped chromosomes (each arm is a copy)
64
Q

Cell cycle - mitosis

A
  • chromosomes line up
  • cell fibres pull chromosomes arms to opposite ends of cell
  • membranes form around chromosomes forming 2 nuclei
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
  • 2 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced
65
Q

What is mitosis

A

Division of nucleus

66
Q

Differentiation

A

Cell changing to become specialised for its job

67
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into different types of cell based on what instructions they’re given

68
Q

Types of human stem cell

A
  • embryonic
  • adult
69
Q

Where are human stem cells found

A
  • embryos
  • bone marrow
70
Q

Embryo

A

Resulting ball of cells formed after an egg cell is fertilised by a sperm cell

71
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A
  • found in early human embryos
  • can turn into any type of cell
72
Q

Where are adult stem cells found

A

Bone marrow

73
Q

Bone marrow stem cells

A
  • found in adults
  • can only turn into certain types of cell, like blood
74
Q

Uses of stem cells

A
  • medicine
  • research
75
Q

How are stem cells clones produced

A

Grown in a lab

76
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Stem cells being made to have the same genetic information as a patient so they have the same genes and won’t be rejected by the body

77
Q

Risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

Stem cells grown in a lab may become contaminated with a virus which is passed on to the patient, making them sicker

78
Q

Arguments against stem cell research

A
  • human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments as they are potential human life
  • scientists should concentrate on finding and developing other sources of stem cells so people can be helped without using embryos
79
Q

Arguments for stem cell research

A
  • curing suffering patients is more important than rights of embryos
  • embryos used for research are usually unwanted in fertility clinic so would be destroyed anyway
80
Q

Plant tissue culture

A

Collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions

81
Q

Advantages of plant tissue culture

A
  • plants can be cloned quickly
  • plants can be cloned economically
82
Q

Nutrient culture medium

A

Solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells

83
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants

A

Meristem

84
Q

Where are meristems in plants

A

Tips of plant roots and shoots

85
Q

What types of plant cell can meristem tissue differentiate into

A

Any

86
Q

Uses of plant stem cells

A
  • produce clones of a plant quickly and cheaply
  • used to grow more plants of a rare species to stop them being wiped out
  • grow crops of identical plants with desired features, like disease resistance
87
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

88
Q

In what substances does diffusion occur

A
  • solutions
  • gases
89
Q

Why does diffusion occur in solutions and gases

A

The particles are free to move around randomly

90
Q

What increases rate of diffusion

A
  • larger concentration gradient
  • higher temperature
  • larger surface area
91
Q

What can diffuse through cell membranes

A

Small molecules like oxygen, glucose, amino acids, water

92
Q

What can’t diffuse through cell membranes

A

Big molecules like starch and proteins

93
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules from through a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

94
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane with very small holes in it so small molecules and pass through and big molecules can’t

95
Q

Osmosis practical

A
  • cut potato into identical cylinders and measure mass
  • place them into sugar solutions of different concentrations including pure water for 24 hours
  • take them out, dry with paper towel, measure mass again
  • calculate percentage change in mass
  • if water moved in by osmosis, mass with have increased
96
Q

Active transport

A

The net movement of particles from an area of lower to higher concentration, requiring energy

97
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of lower to higher concentration, requiring energy

98
Q

What do plants need mineral ions for

A

Healthy growth

99
Q

How do root hair cells absorb mineral ions

A

Active transport

100
Q

Why do root hair cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions

A

The concentration of minerals is usually higher in the root hair cell than in the soil

101
Q

How are nutrients absorbed from the gut to the blood

A

Usually active transport

102
Q

Larger organism’s SA:V

A

Smaller

103
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted

A
  • thin membrane - shorter diffusion distance
  • large surface area - lots of substances can diffuse at once
  • animal exchange surfaces have lots of blood vessels - gets stuff in an out of blood quickly
  • animal gas exchange surfaces are well ventilated - gets air in and out
104
Q

Job of lungs

A

Transfer oxygen to blood and remove waste carbon dioxide from it

105
Q

Alveoli

A

Little air sacs where gas exchange takes place in the lungs

106
Q

Alveoli specialisations

A
  • large surface area (75m² in humans)
  • moist lining for dissolving gases
  • very thin walls
  • good blood supply
107
Q

Villi function

A

Increase surface area in small intestine so digested food can be absorbed into blood faster

108
Q

Villi adaptations

A
  • single layer of surface cells
  • good blood supply for quick absorbtion
109
Q

How does carbon dioxide get into leaves

A
  • diffuses through stomata
  • diffuses into air spaces
  • diffuses into cells where photosynthesis happens
110
Q

Where is the exchange surface on a leaf

A

Underneath

111
Q

Where are stomata on a leaf

A

Underneath

112
Q

How does oxygen leave the leaf

A

Diffuses through the stomata

113
Q

What controls the size of the stomata

A

Guard cells

114
Q

When do stomata close

A

If a plant is losing water faster than it’s being replaced by the roots

115
Q

What would happen to a plant without guard cells

A

Wilting

116
Q

Why does leaf have a flattened shape

A

Increase area of exchange surface so it’s more effective

117
Q

What do cell walls inside leaf do

A

Form another exchange surface

118
Q

Purpose of air space in leaf

A

Increase surface area of exchange surface formed by cell walls so there’s more chance for carbon dioxide to get into cells

119
Q

How does water vapour leave the leaf

A
  • evaporates from the cells inside the leaf then diffuses out the stomata as there is more inside the leaf than the air outside
  • some leaves via the leaf surface
120
Q

Exchange surface in fish

A

Gills

121
Q

How do fish get oxygen

A
  • water containing oxygen enters through the mouth and passes into gills
  • oxygen diffuses from water to blood
  • carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to water
122
Q

What are gills made of

A

Thin plates of gill filaments

123
Q

Purpose of gill filaments

A

Increase surface area for exchange of gases

124
Q

What are gill filaments covered with

A

Lamallae

125
Q

How do lamellae speed up diffusion

A
  • increase surface area
  • have lots of blood capillaries
  • thin surface layer of cells to minimise diffusion distance
126
Q

What happens in lamellae

A

Blood flows through one direction and water flows through the other to maintain a large concentration gradient between them

127
Q

Where is the concentration of oxygen highest in fish gas exchange

A

Water so as much oxygen can diffuse into the blood as possible

Biology (4 decks)

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