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Biology GCSE > Infection and Disease > Flashcards

Infection and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

How do bacteria cause damage

A

They produce toxins causing high temp.,naausea,headaches and rashes

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2
Q

How do viruses cause damage

A

Viruses take over a cell’s reproductive systems and reporduce inside the cell until it bursts

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3
Q

How do you prevent the spread of disease

A
  • Being hygenic i.e. washing hands
  • Isolating infected
  • Destorying vectors
  • Vaccination(only viruses)
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4
Q

What is a virus

A

v. small pathogens that are not living cells

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5
Q

How does a virus reproduce

A

They have a strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat which is used to replicate inside a cell

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6
Q

What are some examples of viral diseases

A
  • Measles; fever, red rash and fatal with complications

- Tobacco Mosaic; Leaves ‘discolours mosaic patterns’, reduces photosynthesis and quality/number of fruits

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of spread for measles

A

Droplet infection: Talking, coughing, and sneezing. Inhaling droplets that carry the virus

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of spread for TMW

A

Enter via plant wounds; break in skin or epidermis

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of spread for HIV

A

sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids

e.g. sharing needles, breast milk and contaminated blood samples

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10
Q

How do you control measles

A

vaccination to immunise

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11
Q

How do you control HIV

A

Antiretroviral drugs to stop virus entering lymph nodes and reduce viral replication

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12
Q

How do you control TMV

A

Removal of infected plants, controlling pests, sterilising tools, and washing hands after holding infected plants

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13
Q

What is AIDS

A

Term used to describe a number of potentially life-threatening illnesses when HIV has severely damaged your immune system (killed too many T-cells)

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14
Q

What does AIDS stand for

A

Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome

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15
Q

How can HIV spread be prevented

A

Barrier Protection, avoid sharing needles, screening pregnant women and testing pregnant woman for HIV

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16
Q

Why isnt there a vaccine for HIV

A

As there are so many strains

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17
Q

Describe the steps for Viral Reproduction

A
  1. The virus attaches to a specific cell called the Host cell
  2. The genetic material is injected into the host cell nucleus to make mRNA
  3. New viruses are made using the material inside the host cell and the genetic material from the virus in the cytoplasm
  4. The cell splits open allowing the virus to leave but killing the host cell
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18
Q

What are examples of bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella and Gonorrhoea

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19
Q

What does Salmonella cause

A

causes food poisoning due to build-up of toxic bacteria waste products causing symptoms of:

  • Fever
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
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20
Q

What does Gonorrhoea cause

A
  • Thick yellow/green discharge from sexual organs

- pain while urinating

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21
Q

How is salmonella spread

A
  • Ingesting contaminated food

- Poor hygiene in cooking areas

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22
Q

How is salmonella controlled

A

vaccination for poultry and prepared in hygienic conditions

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23
Q

How is Gonorrhoea spread

A

spread by sexual contact and is controlled by antibiotics, but resistant strains are developing

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24
Q

How is spread of Gonorrhoea prevented

A

It can be controlled by barrier contraception

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25
Q

Define communicable disease

A

are illnesses that result from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic

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26
Q

Define non-communicable disease

A

non-infectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person

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27
Q

Do communicable diseases develop symptoms immediately

A

No, there are stages

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28
Q

What are the stages of communicable diseases

A
  • Pathogen enters organism
  • Pathogen reproduces rapidly in optimum conditions (Incubation Period)
  • Harmful toxins produced
  • Symptoms develop
29
Q

What is rose black spot disease

A

where black/purple spots on the upper son roses requiring warm wet conditions to prosper. Caused by a parasitic fungus. Leaves turn yellow around the spots and drop early

30
Q

Where is rose black spot common

A

In urban gardens where untreated can quickly spread to all the plants

31
Q

How does rose black spot spread

A
  • The fungus produces spores which wind helps to disperse; optimal temp. is 24C
  • After about 7 hours of wet, hot conditions the spores germinate
32
Q

What is the treatment for rose black spot

A
  • Removing infected leaves and burning
  • Pruning shoots in spring and burning all cut stems
  • Not composting infected leaves
  • Treating infections with fungicide
  • Putting manure around plants to prevent spores reaching stems
33
Q

How does rose black spot affect photosynthesis

A
  • Rose growth is greatly reduced as leaves cannot photosynthesise properly
  • Fungus grow in the mesophyll damaging cell membranes and essential nutrients
34
Q

How is malaria spread

A

mosquitos that carry the plasmodium protist. They pass the protist to other people they suck blood from and therefore mosquitos are called ‘vectors’

35
Q

What is a vector

A

An organism that carries the pathogen to another organism

36
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

fever, sweats and chills, headaches, vomiting diarrhoea

37
Q

How is malaria treated

A

Antimalarial drugs are taken which treat symptoms and can prevent infection

38
Q

What happens when skin is cut

A

platelets release fibrinogen proteins to form a mesh of insoluble fibrin fibre and platelets and red blood cells get stuck in the fibrin causing a clot

39
Q

How does the nose prevent infection

A

Has internal hairs which trap pathogens before they can enter the lung

40
Q

How do cilia cells in the trachea prevent infection

A

cilia cells move mucus and pathogens upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into your stomach

41
Q

How do goblet cells in the trachea prevent infection

A

create mucus to trap pathogens

42
Q

How does the stomach prevent infection

A

chemical barrier against infection

43
Q

What are the 2 white cells mainly involved in the immune response

A

phaghocytes and lymphocytes

44
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes surround any pathogen in blood and engulf them where its enzymes break down the pathogen

45
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Lymphocytes recognise antigens on a pathogen and make antibodies in response which lock onto the antigen and either:

  • kill them by making them burst open
  • marking them for phagocytes
  • putting them in clumps for phagocytes
46
Q

What is introduced to the body in vaccination

A

a dead or weakened form of the pathogen to be introduced to the body which contain a specific antigen

47
Q

What is the bodies response to vaccination

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies for the pathogens antigen

memory cells are created about the antibodies made so if the pathogen attacks again it wil be quickly shut down

48
Q

Why is vaccination more effective than natural immunity

A

As in primary infection antibodies slowly increase as they adapt to the new antigen

but the subsequent times it will be fast due to memory cells, vaccination allows this to be the first time

49
Q

Define drug

A

any chemical that alters how the body works

50
Q

How do antibodies work

A

Interfering with the pathogens metabolism

51
Q

What do antibodies only work with

A

ONLY affect bacteria

52
Q

What does antibiotic misuse lead to

A

antibiotic resistant strains

53
Q

What are some examples of antibiotic misuse

A

overprescribing antibiotics for small illnesses
Not completing entire courses
giving antibiotics to animals frequently

54
Q

How was penicillin discovered in 1928

A

Alexander Fleming left some bacteria on a petri dish by accident and noticed it had been killed by naturally occuring penicillium mould

55
Q

What heart drug come from foxgloves

A

Digitalis

56
Q

What drug comes from willow trees

A

aspirin

57
Q

where does penicillin come from

A

penicillium mould

58
Q

What 3 qualities do drugs need to be tested for

A

toxicity, efficacy(how well the drug works) and dosage

59
Q

What are the 3 stages of drug trials

A

1) preclinical testing on skin cells to test efficacy and side effects
2) animal testing with a known amount of substance to test side effects

3) Human testing. low doses used initially and if it is safe they increase until optimum dosage found:
healthy volunteers for toxicity
people with the illness for efficacy and toxicity

60
Q

What happens after the drug trial

A

results are peer-reviewed and published to look for unexpected side effects

61
Q

What are double blind trials

A

patients allocated randomly with doctors nor patients knowing what they’re taking:

some take new drug(test) and placebo (control) to combat placebo effect

62
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies (mAB’s)

A

identical copies of one type of antibody so can target specific chemicals/cells

63
Q

What are mAB’s used for

A

Diagnosis in pregnancy tests and detecting pathogens

64
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced

A
  1. Mouse injected with specific antigen to stimulate antibody production by lymphocyte
  2. extracted lymphocytes are fused with tumour cells via detergents
  3. making a hybridoma cell which can divide and make antibodies
  4. hybridoma cell cloned to produce same antibody
  5. Large amounts are collected and purified
65
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used for pregnancy tests

A

mABs bind with HCG hormone only found in urine of pregnant woman causing a change in colour or pattern on test stick

66
Q

How can mABs detect pathogens

A

all pathogens have antigens which mABs can be designed to bind specifically to make them clump together and be identified

Some mABs will have dyes attached to make identification easier

67
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies treat cancer

A
  • carrying drugs that have been attached to them to the tumour
  • encourage your immune system to attack the cancer cells directly
68
Q

What are some ethical issues surrounding monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Using cancer in mice
  • human gene put in mince
  • deaths associated with use and testing new drugs can be dangerous e.g. TGN1412 in London
  • monoclonal antibodies are foreign so can be rejected

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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