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Biology GCSE > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What features do Eukaryotic (plant+animal) cells have

A

cell membrane,cytoplasm and genetic material

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2
Q

What do prokaryotic (bacteria) cells have

A

cytoplasm,cell membrane, cell wall. Genetic material not enclosed in nucleus; single Dna loops and small rings called Plasmids

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3
Q

Purpose of Nucleus

A

DNA, Controls Activity

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4
Q

Purpose of Cytoplasm

A

Reaction Site

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5
Q

Purpose of Cell Membrane

A

Controls passage

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6
Q

Purpose of MItochondria

A

release energy via respiration

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7
Q

Purpose of Ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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8
Q

Purpose of Chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis

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9
Q

Purpose of Vacuole

A

permanent, made of cell sap, used for storage

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10
Q

Purpose of Cell Wall

A

Protects cell. permemable made of celluose

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11
Q

Purpose of Differentiation

A

acquire features for a specific role

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12
Q

All 3 different types of muscle cells

A

smooth,skeletal and cardiac

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13
Q

what is the plants transport system made up of

A

phloem + xylem

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14
Q

what is xylem used for

A

transporting water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves only

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15
Q

what is xylem made up of

A

dead cells arragned end-to-end stiffened by lignin

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16
Q

What is phloem used for

A

responsible for transporting food produced from photosynthesis. Two way

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17
Q

What is phloem made out of

A

made of living tissue; aranged end to end with celluose cell walls and cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the equation that links Magnification of Image,Size of Image,Size of Real Object

A

Magnification of image = Size of the image/size of real object

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19
Q

Define Magnification and Resolution

A
  • the degree to which something is magnified

- The distance between 2 distinguishable points

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20
Q

Advantages of LM’s

A

Inexpensive. View Image directly. Living specimen viewed

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21
Q

Disasvantages of LM’s

A

Low Magnification and resolution. Need staining to distinguish features

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22
Q

Define Staining

A

Use of Chemicals that bind to specific structures on/in a specimen allowing the structure to be seen

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23
Q

Advantages of TEM’s

A

High Mag and resolution. Internal structure organelles visible

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24
Q

What is TEM

A

Transmission Electron Microscope. Uses electrons passing through the sample to create an image

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25
Q

What is SEM

A

Scanning Electron Microscope. Detects reflected or bounced off electrons

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26
Q

Disadvantage of TEM

A
  • Can’t use on living samples
  • Expensive, difficult staining
  • 2d image of thin cross section
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27
Q

Advantages of SEM’s

A

Produces 3D images.Reveals cell arrangements

28
Q

Disadvntages of SEM’s

A

Cannot use on living smaples, Expensive, difficult staining and only reveals surface detail

29
Q

Culture

A

population of bacteria

30
Q

Agar

A

solid designed for bacteria to live on

31
Q

Nutrient broth

A

liquid designed for bacteria to live on

32
Q

What is the Aseptic Technique

A

1) Done beside blue bunsen flame to create updraft
2) Sterilise innoculating loop
3) Remove lid of bacetia bottle and put it near bunsen flame
4) Seal lid but not fully
5) Incubate at 27 degrees so human pathogen

33
Q

What is the bacterial growth curve

A

1) Lag Phase - getting ready by copying Dna and protiens
2) Exponential Growth - population doubles every 20 mins
3) Stationary Phase - Birth rate= Death Rate
4) Death Phase - bacteria die faster then they multiply

34
Q

Wha does the nucleus contians

A

Chromosomes made of Dna molecules that contian 23 pairs of genes

35
Q

describe mitosis

A

DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome. In mitosis one set of chromosomes lined up in the middle is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
Finally, the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical daughter cells

36
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

1) Cell grows
2) DNA copies
3) Further Growth and DNA repaired if needed
4) Cell separates into 2 daughter cells

37
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that can produce different types of cells by differentiation. Source is umbilical cord and placenta and bone marrow

38
Q

What does stem cell transplant help with

A
  • spinal injuries, degenerating body cells, diabetes, cancers, and paralysis
39
Q

What type of tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout the life time

A

Meristem Tissue

40
Q

What happens in Therapeutic Cloning

A

Embryo is produced with same genes as patient

41
Q

What are the risks and benefits of stem cell transplants

A

Risks; viral infection + ethical objections

Benefits; not rejected and can repair incurable conditions

42
Q

How is therapeutic cloning carried out

A

nuclear transfer; nucleus of the body cell of the patient is transferred to an egg cell without one and it develops

43
Q

What happens after 60 divisions of stem cells

A

mutations have been observed

44
Q

Define carcinogens

A

Chemicals and other agents that damage DNA

45
Q

What is Cancer

A

When a cell starts to divide rapidly, leads to tumour growth

46
Q

Name Examples of Carcinogens

A
  • Viruses
  • Chemicals
  • Ionising Radiation
  • UV Radiation
  • Lifestyle Choices; smoking, drinking and diet
47
Q

Why is cancer mainly when you get older

A

As there are natural checks for errors during the cell cycle, hence there must be several mutations for cancer

48
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

-Slow growing easy to remove, rarely spread

49
Q

What is a Maligant tumour

A
  • Fast Growing, can form secondary tumours by squeezing through capillary walls
  • Spread throughout body tissues
50
Q

Describe Binary fission

A
  • Circular loop of DNA replicates
  • Cell divides into 2
  • Circular strands migrate to opposite ends of cells
  • Cytoplasm divides into 2
  • Identical daughter cells formed
51
Q

What are mitosis and binary fission both forms of

A

asexual reproduction

52
Q

Define Diffusion

A

Spreading out of the particles of any substance ins solution or gas resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

53
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion

A
  • Difference in concentrations (concentration gradient)
  • Temp.
  • Surface area of the membrane
  • Diffusion path
54
Q

Why do large organisms need efficent transport system to utilise diffusion

A

they have a small surface area to volume ratio hence cant use diffusion

55
Q

Name some examples of diffusion

A

Small intestine - folds increase sfa, 7m long, constant blood flow and one cell thick wall
Gills- filaments make large sfa, constant blood flow and counter current system

56
Q

Equation for Aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Water + Carbon Dioxide

6(C6H12O6) + 6(O2) –> 6(H2O) + 6(CO2)

57
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose –> Lactic Acid (in muscles)
C6H12O6 –> 2(C3H6O3)

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (in plants and yeast)

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2C02

58
Q

Equation for Photosynthesis

A

Water + Carbon Dioxide → glucose + Oxygen

6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H1206 + 6O2

59
Q

Describe Diffusion in Plants

A

C02 diffuses into the leaves through the stomata, during photosynthesis the palisade cells use C02; the conc outside is high but inside is low. This makes a large conc gradient and carbon dioxide diffuses in.

60
Q

Define Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

61
Q

Define Hypertonic

A

containing more concentration than surroundings

62
Q

Define isotonic

A

having the same concentration as surroundings

63
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

having a less concentration than surroundings

64
Q

What effect does hypertonic conditions have in an animal and plant cell

A

In an animal cell it means water will leave the cell making it crenated/shirvelled

In a plant cell the water will diffuse out the cell making it plasmolysed

65
Q

What effect does hypotonic conditions have in an animal and plant cell

A

In an animal cell it makes too much water enter the cell making it haemolysed

In a plant cell it makes water enter nearly bursting the cell wall making it turgid

66
Q

Define Active Transport

A

Net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, working against the conc. gradient requiring energy from respiration

67
Q

Examples of Active Transport

A
  • Allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentration in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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