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infection Flashcards

1
Q

what is helminths

A

tape worm ( have some complex lifecycles with more than one host - can accidents cause human disease

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2
Q

what are some types of organisms that cause disease

A 
insects (fleas)
helminths 
protozoa (malaria)
fungi (candidia)
bacteria (staphylococcus)
viruses (influenza)
prions (kuru)
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3
Q

what is a parasite

A

parasites depend on another for its survival to detriment the host -

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4
Q

what is the difference between endoparasites and ectoparasites

A

end - live inside the body such as helminths or protozoa

ecto - live outside the body - minor symptoms but can cause other diseases - fleas, lice, bed bugs

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5
Q

what is malaria, how is it transmitted and what are the symptoms

A

malaria (plasmodium falciparum), has a lifecycle in both mosquitos and humans - infects RBCs and liver - causes fever, headache, joint pains, kidney failure, coma and death - the risk of transmission is geographical

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6
Q

what is cestodes

A

tape worm

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7
Q

what is taenia saginata

A

beef tapeworm

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8
Q

what does a tapeworm do and what are the symptoms

A

can invade animals and get into the muscle which is an intermediate host - they then get into humans stomachs when we eat the meat - causes abdominal pain, malnutrition

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9
Q

how is a tapeworm diagnosed

A

used stool microscopy

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10
Q

what is trematoda

A

flukes which is a type of flatworm parasite

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11
Q

what do flukes do

A

cause infection of the veins around the bladder- causes bladder inflammation - bleeding in the urine

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12
Q

what is the intermediate host of flukes and how do you diagnose it

A

freshwater snails - urine microscopy for eggs

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13
Q

what are the two main forms of fungal infection

A

yeasts (single cells which bud)

moulds (filamentous strands)

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14
Q

what is a dimorphic fungi

A

a fungus which cam swap from mould to yeast

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15
Q

what are some examples of superficial fungal infections and what are the caused by

A

tinea pedis - athletes foot
tinea corporis - ringworm
both caused by common mould

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16
Q

what is cryptoccocus neoformans

A

yeast infection - but a severe - infects patients with reduced immune system causes meningitis, headache, neck stiffness, confusion, coma and death

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17
Q 
in the classification of bacteria what do these mean: 
round = 
rod = 
clusters = 
pairs = 
chains = 
spirals
A 
coccus
bacillus 
staphy 
diplo
strepto 
vibrio, spirilla, spirochetes
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18
Q

what is streptococcus pneumonia

A

gram positive cocci in pairs - colonise in the throat and nose can invade other sites such as the lungs

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19
Q

what is diplococci

A

cocci in pairs

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20
Q

what are the symptoms of streptococcus pneumonia

A

cough, dirty sputum, chest pain, breathlessness, fever - can cause meningitis and blood stream infection

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21
Q

how does a virus work

A

a virus needs a host and is dependent on that host for metabolism and replication

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22
Q

what is a virus specifically

A

contain a protein core surrounding genetic material - very small

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23
Q

how does HIV work and what type of organism is it

A

HIV replicates own DNA into our genome and uses our cells to reproduce - its a virus

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24
Q 
what causes these diseases:
common cold = 
winter vomitting disease = 
chicken pox = 
shingles = 
glandular fever =
A 
rhinovirus 
norovirus 
varicella zoster 
herpes zoster 
epstein barr
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25
Q

give an example of an acute, chronic and latent infection

A

norovirus - infects host for days - causes diarrhoea for days
hep C - causes liver inflammation for years
herpes virus dormant for decades before reactivating to cause disease

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26
Q

how does EBV - epstein barr virus affect humans

A

usually causes mild illness as it infects B cells in the immune system and epithelial of nose and mouth
it is very common and causes latent life long infection

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27
Q

what cancers do EBV cause

A

can cause nasopharyngeal cancer in southern china

can cause lymphoma in HIV infection

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28
Q

how does HBV, Hep B lead to cancer

A

causes development of chronic infection that leads to cirrhosis which leads to increased risk of liver cancer

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29
Q

how does HPV lead to cancer

A

human papilloma virus which can survive for many years - eventually leads to conversion of normal cells on surface of cervix into cancerous cells

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30
Q

what are prions

A

smallest infective agents known - they lack nucleic acid and are not living organism
they are abnormal proteins that accumulate in neural tissue which are very difficult to destroy

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31
Q

what do prions cause and what does it do

A

prions cause CJD which is a rare fatal degenerative neurological disease transmitted va human growth hormone, surgical instruments and corneal grafts

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32
Q

what is variant CJD

A

typically occurs in young adults thought to be derived from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - mad cow disease

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33
Q

what is kuru

A

it is similar to vCJD - spread by cannibalism especially brains of relatives

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34
Q

where are normal microbial flora found

A

most mucocutaneous surfaces eg upper airways and GI tract

also on skin and genital tract

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35
Q

how do normal microbial flora cause infection

A

when they get into the wrong places of the body by chance

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36
Q

what is an endogenous infection

A

a disease caused by something that is already in our body such as from microbial flora migrating to different portions of the body

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37
Q

what is perforation and what can it lead to

A

endogenous route of infection - leads to contamination of abdominal cavity with faecal flora - leads to faecal peritonitis which is life threatening

38
Q

what diseases are caused by perforation

A

cancer and diverticulitis

39
Q

give an example of a blood spread infection and what it does

A

endocarditis - caused by dental work which may allow mouth flora to enter blood stream (streptococci)

40
Q

what is an exogenous disease

A

it is a communicable infection from person to person from non-human sources such as the environment

41
Q

what is impetigo

A

a common direct contact skin infection which spreads rapidly from person to person due to staphylococci and/or streptococci

42
Q

how do exogenous infection spread via indirect contact

A

through microorganisms transmitted indricly through hand touch or equipment or furniture - it is a major route of health care associated infection

43
Q

what are some examples of indirect exogenous infections

A

MRSA
clostridium difficile
norovirus gastroenteritis

44
Q

give an example of a infection through a dirty wound

A

tetanus

45
Q

what does tetanus do and what is it

A

clostridium tetani
bacterium present in soil - contaminates wound and releases toxin which causes muscle spasm and !lockjaw!
it can be prevented via vaccine

46
Q

give an example of a bite infection

A

malaria - causes severe febrile illness affecting all body systems

47
Q

how are airborne viruses spread and what is an example

A

influenza virus
spread by coughing and sneezing
droplets form containing the virus and is inhaled by others

48
Q

describe some routes of transmission

A 
airborne 
food and water 
blood 
sexual 
vertical
49
Q

how does transmission through food and water occur

A

food prepared with poor hygiene - harmful bacteria contaminate result in food poisoning, vomiting and diahorrea

50
Q

give an example of a blood borne infection

A

hep b

51
Q

how does transmission via the blood occur

A

sharing of needles
transfusion
tattoos and body piercing

52
Q

what is vertical transmission and give examples

A

mother to baby
during pregnancy = rubella
at time of birth = herpes
breast milk = HIV

53
Q

give an example of an infection that is spread in more than one way

A

HIV - blood bourne
vertical
sexual

54
Q

what are some pathogen factors in infection

A

the infection dose - minimum number of organism required to cause disease
infection site and whether it is direct in cells and tissues

55
Q

what are some virulence factors give an example

A

invasion and disease - allows invasion of the host tissues

eg streptolysin O - causes lysis of cells (produced by streptococci A)

56
Q

what is ebola

A

direct infection causing damage/destruction of cells and can often bypass steps of immune system

57
Q

what are the symptoms of cholera

A

severe watery diarrhoea - kidney failure - dehydration and death

58
Q

how does cholera infect the body

A

toxin enters lumen of the gut and activates adenyl cyclase increasing cAMP which reduces Na+ absorption
this increases Cl- secretion
end result is water and other electrolytes drawn into the bowel lumen causing diarrhoea

59
Q

how does antibiotic resistance occur

A

microorganisms such as staphylococci readily divide and mutate which means they have adaptation to readily used antibiotics
also more antibiotic use means more chance of bacterial mutation and therefore resistance leading to failure of treatment

60
Q

give an example of common antibiotic resistance

A

MRSA - gram positive bacteria which causes severe infection

61
Q

what are some host factors for infection

A

the environment -
barriers to infection - damaged skin
genetics - how good you are at fighting the infection

62
Q

what are some environmental factors to infection

A

geography
climate
poverty - availability of health care such as vaccine
public health infrastructure - sanitation
distribution of other infection hosts - insects or other vectors

63
Q

what is dengue fever (environmental disease)

A

viral infection
transmitted by aedes mosquito
causes fever, rash, muscle pain
severe form causes bleeding, shock and organ failure

64
Q

what are some barrier to infection

A 
skin 
mucous membran e
stomach acid 
native bacteria 
immune system 
genetics
behaviour
65
Q

skin and mucous barrier breakdown can lead to what

A

cuts and wound infection

abrasions such as conjunctivitis

66
Q

the stomach is usually a good barrier at pH 2 - when does the barrier stop

A

when the patient is given an anti-acid drug such as to treat stomach ulcers - patients taking may be more susceptible to food poisoning

67
Q

how does native gut bacteria work as a barrier

A

faeces prevent colonisation of pathogenic bacteria

68
Q

what causes native gut bacteria to stop working as a barrier

A

when taking antibiotics - destroy normal gut flora so pathogen can colonise eg diarrhoea from clostridium difficile

69
Q

when does the immune system break down as a barrier

A

when given chemotherapy
and during autoimmune diseases due to overactive immune system such as arthritis or asthma
as well as in HIV - infects white blood cells - makes more infections more common

70
Q

what is it called when we are genetically weaken to infection

A

inherited immunodeficiency

71
Q

when do genetics benefit to infection

A

heterozygotes of sickle cell anaemia are protected against malaria

72
Q

what behaviours affect infection risk

A 
occupation 
travel 
sex 
drugs 
friends or pets
73
Q

what are some basic tests to identify infectious biomarkers

A

count of white blood cells
C reactive protein marker of inflammation
U & E markers if kidney
LFT for liver function test

74
Q

which sample would you take for
pneumonia
gastroenteritis
tonsilitis

A

sputum
faeces
throat swab

75
Q

how do you take and send a sample

A

samples should be sent before antibiotic treatment starts and provide background clinical information to help the lab

76
Q

if it is a blood culture why must you be cautious

A

use aspetic technique as the skin is covered in bacteria and don’t want to contaminate the sample

77
Q

what is visual testing

A

staining a colony of bacteria and looking under a microscope

78
Q

what is antibiotic sensitivity testing

A

take colony and rub over plate - place on discs with different antibiotics - whichever has the largest clear patch is most effective

79
Q

what is antibiotic dose testing

A

strip with one antibiotic on it - different concentrations along the strip and find where bacteria grows in what concentration

80
Q

how do we identify organisms we can’t grow in a lab

A

identify which we need - dan or rna / a protein
can get via the PCR
can use antibodies to find immune response to infection

81
Q

give examples of protein testing

A

rapid hep B test via blood test

legionnaires disease - urine test

82
Q

what can PCR be used to identify for?

A

meningitis, hep B/c, HIV, respiratory viruses

83
Q

what is the difference between IgM and IgG

A

igm is initial body response - appears within a week and usually disappears after a month
IgG - appears after 14 days - persists throughput life - test for whether you are immune to something

84
Q

where are these antibiotics derived from
penecillin
mupirocin

A

derived from mould

produced from pseudomonas fluroscens (bacterium)

85
Q

what characteristics would the ideal anti-microbial agent have

A

selective toxicity
effective against microbe without harming host
it actually kills the organism rather than just inhibiting its growth
no resistance
good pharmacokinetics
not side effects
not activated by enzymes

86
Q

what parts of the cells can antimicrobial drugs affect

A 
cell wall synthesis 
dna replication
dna dependant rna polymerase 
protein synthesis 
folic acid synthesis
87
Q

what are the problems with antimicrobial agents

A

they can be broad or narrow - broad kill natural flora as well
narrow may not kill multiple infection
can have many side effects
narrow - antimicrobial resistance

88
Q

what are the three stages of stopping transmission

A

at the source
tranmission method
host susceptibility

89
Q

what are some common methods to reduce transmission

A

improve sanitisation, clean water supplies, good food prep, avoid mosquito bites

90
Q

how would you protect a host from infection

A

antimalaries

immunisation

IMS (20 decks)

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