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Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

what do enzymes do and what specifically do they not do

A

speed up the rate of reaction by stabilising the transition rate ie making it easier to get to. However, they don’t affect the shift in equilibrium

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2
Q

what is an assay

A

a procedure for measuring biochemical/immunological activity of a sample

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3
Q

What is michaelis constant

A

Km

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4
Q

what does V = in enzymes

A

Vmax / 2

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5
Q

define Km

A

it is the substrate conc at which the reaction rate is half its theoretical maximum value

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6
Q

what happens to the Vmax and Km in competitive inhibition

A

Vmax is unchanged but Km is increased

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7
Q

what happens to Vmax and Km in non - competition inhibition

A

Vmax is decreased (proportion of the enzyme is blocked off) and Km is unchanged

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8
Q

what do NSAIDS do and what is the effect of it

A

inhibits COX-1, blocks prostaglandin release

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9
Q

what is the mechanism of action of aspirin

A

there is covalent modification of serine residue in active site - competitive and irreversible

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10
Q

what power does NADH and FADH2 have

A

they have reducing power as they carry elections

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11
Q

which enzymes carries acyl units

A

Coenzyme A

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12
Q

what do biotin and thiamine carry

A

CO2

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13
Q 
what do deficiencies in riboflavin (B2)
Niacin
Thiamine (B1)
Vitamin C
G6PD
A

ariboflavinosis (sores in the mouth)
pellagra - dementia, diahorrea and dermatitis
beriberi - effects heart and circulatory system
scurvy - fatigue depression
favism - causes haemolytic anaemia

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14
Q

what is G6PD and what does the deficiency mechanism do

A

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase - most common enzyme deficiency
x linked recessive (male) - produces large amounts of NADH

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15
Q

what was the problem with primaquine

A

causes haemolytic crisis in people with G6PD deficiency

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16
Q

what is 1 international unit

A

it is the amount of activity that will convert 1 micromole of substrate per minute under standard conditions

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17
Q

enzymes catalyse the conversion of substrate to a product by

A

stabilising the transition state of the reaction

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18
Q

enzyme activity in the body is controlled by…?

A

post translational medication of enzymes
expression of natural enzyme inhibitors
abundance of co factors such as metal ions

19
Q

what can enzymes be used to measure

A

blood glucose levels

20
Q

how is blood clotting mediated

A

by serine proteases

21
Q

organophosphorus compound such as novachik and sarin do what

A

have a similar mode of action to that of the insecticide malathion

22
Q

in what way do substrates bind to enzymes

A

via multiple weak interactions

23
Q

what is the michaelis mentor model

A

a model for measuring enzyme activity

24
Q

V(velocity) =

A

Vmax x [S]/[S] + Km

25
Q

on a graph how do you know where vmax and km are

A

v max is at the y axis and km is on the x axis

26
Q

how do you know if an enzyme is competition of non-comp via a graph

A

in comp they have the same v max

in non comp the v max changes

27
Q

what does a small km mean compared to a large one

A

small Km = high affinity

28
Q

what would happen to v max if you increased the amount of enzyme

A

it would increase

29
Q

what factors affect the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions

A

substrate conc
temperature
ph
inhibitors

30
Q

what does IC50 do and what is it

A

used to tell us the relative effectiveness of inhibitors - its the value of the inhibitor concentration at which 50% of activity remains

31
Q

why was primaquine bad

A

anti malarial drug which caused increased amounts of free radicals rbc becomes demanded and causes destruction

32
Q

what is a serpin

A

serine protease enzyme which act as an inhibitor of protease

33
Q

what is TPA

A

tissue type plasminogen activator - activates plasminogen to plasmin to destroy a blood clot

34
Q

what does trypsin do

A

cleaves chymotrypsinogen which helps in digestion

35
Q

what is an example of measuring isoenzymes

A

measure levels of creatine kinase after heart attack

36
Q

what would low blood albumin indicate

A

poor liver function

37
Q

what do the enzymes GPT and GOT indicate if in the blood serum

A

involved in amino acid metabolism and could indicate liver damage - GOT also found in muscle so may indicate something else

38
Q

what is used to remove from paracetamol poisoning

A

methionine a precise amount as toxic and must be given within 12 hours

39
Q

how would you measure paracetamol level in the blood

A

convert to aminophenol which reacts with orthodox-cresal in the presence of copper ions which create a coloured dye product

40
Q

how would you measure blood glucose

A

use metabolite specific enzyme - glucose that generates hydrogen peroxide byproduct - reacts with a dye

41
Q

what are asparaginases used for

A

in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - CALL - lowers asparagine levels to lower which affects growth of tumour cells

42
Q

what is one enzyme use in coronary thrombosis

A

thrombolytic agents such as TPA which is a serine protease which acts on fibrin clots

43
Q

name an enzyme as therapeutic agent

A

detoxifying agents - kidney dialysis breakdown of urea - use urase
converts urea into co2 and nh4 - ammonia absorbed back by activated charcoal - co2 expired through lungs

ims (20 decks)

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