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IMS > extra test 3 questions > Flashcards

extra test 3 questions Flashcards

1
Q

what does thymine pair with

A

adenine

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2
Q

the normal chromosome diploid number is

A

46

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3
Q

what is the symbol for turner syndrome

A

45 XO

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4
Q

what does spontaneous abortion have as a shape

A

triangle

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5
Q

what genetically is haemophilia A

A

X linked recessive

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6
Q

which complement protein in the alternative pathway is associated with auto activation

A

C3

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7
Q

which pathway is triggered by sugars on pathogen

A

lectin mannose pathway

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8
Q

oligomers of which protein from the pore through bacterial membranes as part of the membrane attack complex

A

C9

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9
Q

where would you expect to find iC3b

A

on the wall of bacterial cell

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10
Q

what is the difference between resting and primed macrophages

A

primed macrophages express more MHC class 2 and take up larger objects in phagocytosis

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11
Q

what stimulates primed macrophages to be hyperactive

A

IFN-Y and LPS from gram negative bacteria

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12
Q

which cytokines are released by hyperactive macrophages

A

TNF IL-1

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13
Q

what molecule on endothelia cells binds to neutrophils

A

selectin

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14
Q

which Ig is commonly found in the GI tract and respiratory tract

A

IgA

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15
Q

what are the main three types of T cell

A

Tc
Th
regulatory T

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16
Q

what does the T cell receptor bind to in activation

A

binds to antigen MHC complex and CD28

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17
Q

what is clonal deletion

A

if there is a mistake during development of B cell or T cell then they will trigger themselves to die so that clone dies

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18
Q

what are two roles of glial cells

A

regulate neurone metabolism and function
repair and recovery from injury
form and regulate blood brain barrier

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19
Q

which cells myelinate in the PNS

A

schwaan cells

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20
Q

what two factors contribute to negative resting potential

A

uneven distribution of ions and selective permeability of the membrane

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21
Q

what is a ganglion

A

cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

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22
Q

which proteins make up the A band

A

actin and myosin

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23
Q

where are thin filaments anchored

A

to the Z lines

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24
Q

which proteins count as thin filaments

A

actin, troponin and tropomyosin

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25
Q

what two things are required for contraction

A

Ca and ATP

26
Q

what type of receptor is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

A

voltage gated ion channel

27
Q

what is a quantum of ACh

A

vesicle containing ACh

28
Q

in Lambert eaton syndrome which part of the NMJ is affected

A

autoantibodies stop Ca influx in presynaptic knob

29
Q

in myasthenia graves which part of the NMJ is affected

A

nicotinic receptors are targeted by autoantibodies

30
Q

what is the role of myosin kinase in smooth muscle

A

phosphorylates myosin allowing cross brides to occur between actin and myosin

31
Q

where are pacemaker cells located

A

SA node

32
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

abnormal thickening of heart muscle

33
Q

what is the kayrotype for
down syndrome
edwards syndrome
turners syndrome

A

trisomy 21
trisomy 18
45 X

34
Q

what are these conditions
47 XXY
trisomy 13

A

kleinfelter syndrome

patau syndrome

35
Q

what are sister chromatids

A

copies of each chromosomes by replication in meiosis

36
Q

what is an allele

A

a variant gene

37
Q

how many autosomes are there

A

44 (22 pairs)

38
Q

how many sex chromosomes are in a gamete

A

1

39
Q

what is the name of the cap at the end of a chromosome

A

telomere

40
Q

what stage in replication are chromosomes visible from a microscope

A

metaphase

41
Q

why do greater number of mutation in children occur with paternal age

A

greater number of germ cell divisions

42
Q

what percentage of down syndrome cases are due to all trisomy 21

A

94%

43
Q

if a parent has an autosomal dominant condition what are the chance the child will inherit it

A

1 in 2 as half of the children will inherit the mutation

44
Q

if both parents are recessive what are the chances the offspring are affected

A

1 in 4

45
Q

what is an acquired cytogenetic abnormality

A

a genetic change associated with neoplastic or cancer diseases

46
Q

what does a restriction endonuclease do

A

cuts double stranded DNA at a specific palindromic sequence

47
Q

what method could you use to identify a mutation

A

sanger chain termination sequencing

48
Q

in FISH what does hybridisation mean

A

base pairing of comp DNA that bind single strands of DNA together

49
Q

which class of immunoglobulin is secreted in a pentameric form

A

IgM

50
Q

the CD4 is a co stimulator in activation of which cells

A

T helper cells

51
Q

what happens to t cells in the thymus

A

positive and negative selection in the medulla

52
Q

how do APC present antigens

A

digest antigens in endoscopes and present via MHC class two to a CD4+ t cell

53
Q

what is the role of NK cells

A

involved in immunosurveillance
release perforins and trigger apoptosis
express MHC1

54
Q

cushings disease is used to describe what

A

an individual with pituitary tumour secreting ACTH

55
Q

what can be the effect of hypo/hyper thyroid

A

increased or decreases weight

56
Q

what does raised LH in a man indicate

A

primary testicular problem

57
Q

what are leydig cells do

A

found in the testicles and produce testosterone

58
Q

what factors affect absorption

A

gastrointestinal mobility
particle size
food

59
Q

what does first pass metabolism involve

A

a reduction in drug concentration before it reaches systemic circulation

60
Q

which neurotransmitter do adrenergic receptors respond to

A

NA

61
Q

what is atenolol

A

selective to B1

IMS (20 decks)

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