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Year 4 > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Describe S.Aureus

A

Gram positive cocci
Coagulase positive
Pus forming infections, blood-stream infections, toxin illness

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2
Q

Describe coagulase negative Staph (S. epidermis, S. capitis)

A

Gram positive cocci
Coagulase-negative
Pathogenic with foreign body

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3
Q

Describe Group A Streptococcus (strep pyogenes)

A

Beta-haemolytic strep

Tonsillitis, cellulitis, soft tissue infection, puerperal sepsis

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4
Q

Describe group B strep (strep agalactiae)

A

Gram positive cocci
Normal rectal/vaginal flora
Causes neonatal meningitis, bacteraemia and pneumonia
Pathogenic in immunocompromised adults

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5
Q

Describe viridians strep

A

Gram positive cocci
Mucosal flora, sticks to teeth and gums
Can stick to heart valves and cause endocarditis

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6
Q

Describe enterococci

A

Gram positive cocci
Found in the gut - involved in intra-abdominal sepsis, UTI and bacteraemia
More resistant to antibiotics

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7
Q

Describe Bacillus anthracis

A

Gram positive bacilli
Disease of herbivores, human is incidental host
Infected by cutaneous inoculation or inhalation
Multiple toxins and virulence factors

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8
Q

Describe bacillus cereus

A

Gram positive bacilli
Cause of food poisoning
Occasional pathogen if injected into sterile site

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9
Q

Describe Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram positive bacilli
Cause of intra-uterine or neonatal sepsis/meningitis
Can multiply at 4oc - risk in pregnancy of certain foods

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10
Q

Describe Corynebacteria diptheriae

A

Gram positive bacilli
Lots of other species are normal skin flora
Diphtheria toxin is produced in the throat via the bloodstream and inhibits protein synthesis in hearts and peripheral nerve
Transmitted person-person by respiratory droplets. Prevented by vaccine

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11
Q

What antibiotics would you give to provide anaerobic cover?

A

Metronidazole

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12
Q

Describe clostridium tetani

A

Gram positive anaerobes
Transmitted via spores in soils which contaminates wounds
Neurotoxin blocks release of GABA - causes spasm/rigidity, hyper-sympathetic state
Prevented with a vaccine

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13
Q

Describe clostridium botulinum

A

Gram positive anaerobe
Usually food-bourne - spores germinate in food in anaerobic conditions
Neurotoxin prevents release of ACh - causes symmetrical flaccid paralysis

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14
Q

Describe C.perfringens

A

Gram positive anaerobes
Spores in the soil and human gut.
Alpha toxin damages cell membranes
Causes gas gangrene and other soft tissue infection

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15
Q

Describe Neisseria

A

Aerobic gram negative cocci

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16
Q

Describe moraxella

A

Aerobic gram negative cocci

17
Q

Describe E.Coli

A

Non-fastidious
Sugar fermentor
Normal gut flora - some strains cause diarrhoea
Most strains cause UTI
Common cause of bacteraemia secondary to UTI or gut perforation

18
Q

Describe Klebsiella

A

Non-fastidious
Sugar fermentor
2nd commonest coliform causing UTI/bacteraemia
Often antibiotic resistant, spreads easily between patients

19
Q

Describe Shigella

A

Non-fastidious
Sugar fermentor
Gastroenteritis
Human reservoir only - causes colitis

20
Q

Describe salmonella

A

Non-fastidious
Sugar fermentor
Gastroenteritis
Multiple species - only human one is S. typhi which causes typhoid

21
Q

Describe enterobacter

A

Non-fastidious
Sugar fermentor
Opportunistic pathogen

22
Q

Describe pseudomonas

A

Non-fastidious
Non-sugar fermentors
Non-curved
Reservoir: environment, espiecally warm water
Human respiratory pathogen, forms biofilms. Bacteraemia in immunocompromised.

23
Q

Describe Burkholderia

A 
Non-fastidious
Non-sugar fermentors 
Non-curved
Plant pathogen, reservoir: soil, plants
Pathogen in CF - reduces survival, difficult to treat
24
Q

Describe Vibrio

A

Non-fastidious
Non-sugar fermentors
Curved
Reservoir: warm salt water
Toxin increases cAMP, decreased Na uptake and increased Cl secretion causing rice water stool
Death from dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Treat with oral rehydration

25
Q

Describe campylobacter

A 
Non-fastidious
Non-sugar fermentors 
Curved
Commonest bacterial cause of gastroenteritis 
Natural host: birds
26
Q

Describe haemophilus influenzae

A

Fastidious
Unencapsulated strains are common
Causes respiratory tract infections and meningitis in young children

27
Q

Describe legionella

A

Causes severe pneumonia

Lives in water systems inside amoebae

28
Q

Describe helicobacter

A

Produces ureas, breaks down urea to ammonia and buffers stomach acid, causing inflammation and ulcers

Year 4 (11 decks)

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