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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 ligaments which stabilise the glenohumeral joint

A
  1. Transverse humeral ligament
  2. Coracohumeral ligament
  3. Superior glenohumeral ligament
  4. Middle glenohumeral ligament
  5. Inferior glenohumeral ligament
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2
Q

Name 3 ligaments which support the sternoclavicular joint

A
  1. Interclavicular ligament
  2. Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
  3. Costoclavicular ligament
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3
Q

Name 2 ligaments which support the acromioclavicular joint

A
  1. Acromioclavicular ligament

2. Coracoclavicular ligament (made of conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament)

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4
Q

Describe the walls of the axilla

A

Anterior: Pectoris major and pectoris minor, clavipectoral fascia
Lateral: intertubular sulcus
Medial: Thoracic wall, serrates anterior
Posterior: Subscapularis, latissmus dorsi, teres minor
Floor: armpit skin

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5
Q

Describe trapezius

A

Origin: superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, C7-C12

Insertion: Spine of scapula, accordion, lateral 1/3 of clavicle

Actions:
superior 1/3rd –> scapula elevation
middle 1/3rd –> scapula retraction
inferior 1/3rd –> scapula depression

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6
Q

Describe Deltoid

A

Origin: Spine of scapula, lateral acromion and lateral 1/3rd of clavicle

Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Actions:
anterior 1/3rd –> medial rotation, shoulder flexion
middle 1/3rd –> abduction
posterior 1/3rd –> adduction, lateral rotation

Innervation: axillary nerve

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7
Q

Describe levator scapulae

A

Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion: Posterior medial border of scapula

Action: scapula elevation

Innervation: branches of anterior rami and dorsal scapula nerve

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8
Q

Describe Rhomboid major

A

Origin: Spinous process of T2-T5

Insertion: Medial border of scapula

Action: scapula elevation and retraction

Innervation: dorsal scapula nerve

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9
Q

Describe Rhomboid minor

A

Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1

Insertion: Medial border of scapula

Action: scapula elevation and retraction

Innervation: dorsal scapula nerve

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10
Q

Describe latissimus dorsi

A

Origin: Spinous processes of T6-L5, lower 3/4 ribs

Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus

Action: Adduction, medial rotation and extension

Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve

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11
Q

Describe teres major

A

Origin: posterior surface of inferior angle of the scapula

Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus

Action: Medial rotation and extension

Innervation: Lower sub scapular nerve

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12
Q

Which 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

Teres minor
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis

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13
Q

Which muscle tendon is involved in impingement syndrome?

A

Supraspinatus

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14
Q

Describe supraspinatus

A

Origin: Supraspinatus fossa

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Initiation of 15o of abduction

Innervation: Suprascapular nerve

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15
Q

Describe infraspinatus

A

Origin: Infraspinatus fossa

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Action: External rotation

Innervation: Suprascapular nerve

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16
Q

Describe teres minor

A

Origin: Posterior surface of scapula, just next to the lateral border

Insertion: Posterior surface of greater tubercle of humerus

Action: External rotation

Innervation: Axillary nerve

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17
Q

Which 2 muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?

A

1) Deltoid

2) Teres minor

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18
Q

Name 3 muscles which insert on to the greater tubercle of the humerus

A

1) Supraspinatus
2) Infraspinatus
3) Teres minor (posterior side)

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19
Q

Describe subscapularis

A

Origin: Subscapular fossa

Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus

Action: Internal rotation

Innervation: Subscapular nerve

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20
Q

Describe triceps brachii

A

Origin:
long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
other heads: posterior humerus

Insertion: olecranon process of ulna

Action: Elbow extension, shoulder adduction and extension

Innervation: Radial nerve

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21
Q

Describe biceps brachii

A

Origin:
long head: supraglenoid tubercles
short head: tip of coronoid process

Insertion: radial tuberosity

Action: elbox flexion, supination, shoulder flexion

Innervation: musculocutaenous nerve

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22
Q

What injury is commonly associated with a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

Axillary nerve damage

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23
Q

Which injury commonly causes axillary nerve damage?

A

Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus

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24
Q

What clinical sign is associated with radial nerve damage?

A

Wrist drop

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25
Which clinical sign is associated with ulnar nerve damage?
Ulnar claw
26
Which nerve is in association with the radial/spiral groove of the humerus?
Radial nerve
27
Which nerve is in association with the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Ulnar nerve
28
When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
The lateral border of the 1st rib
29
When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
Inferior border of teres minor
30
When does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar artery?
Radial neck
31
Describe coracobrachialis
Origin: Apex of coronoid process Insertion: medial humerus Action: Shoulder flexion and adduction Innervation: Musculocutaenous nerve
32
Describe brachialis
Origin: Anterior humerus Insertion: Ulnar tuberosity Action: Elbow flexion Innervation: Musculocutaenous nerve
33
Descibre Pectoralis major
Origin: Clavicular head: medial half of clavicle Sternocostal head: sternum, first 7 costal cartilages, sternal end of 6th rib Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus Action: Shoulder flexion, adduction, medial rotation Innervation: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
34
Describe pectoralis minor
Origin: Ribs 3-5 Insertion: Coronoid process Action: Scapula protraction, pulls tip of shoulder down Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
35
Describe subclavius
Origin: Rib 1 Insertion: Inferior surface of clavicle Action: Pulls shoulder down and pulls clavicle medially Innervation: Subclavius nerve
36
Describe serratus anterior
Origin: Lateral surface of ribs 1-9 Insertion: Costal surface of medial surface of scapula Actions: Scapula protraction and retraction Innervation: Long thoracic nerve
37
Name 4 structures which stabilise the elbow joint
1. Joint capsule 2. Radial collateral ligament 3. Ulnar collateral ligament 4. Annular ligament
38
Name 3 muscles which insert at the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
1. Latissimus dorsi 2. Teres major 3. Pectoralis major
39
Name the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus
Superior Middle Inferior
40
Name the 3 cords of the brachial plexus
Lateral Middle Medial
41
Describe pronator teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Midshaft radius Action: Pronation Innervation: Median nerve
42
Describe flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Base of metacarpal 2 and 3 Action: Flexion and abduction Innervation: Median nerve
43
Describe palmaris longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis
44
Describe flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin: 1) medial epicondyle of humerus 2) Olecranon and posterior border of ulna Action: Flexion and abduction Innervation: Ulnar nerve
45
Name 5 muscles which originate at the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
1) Pronator teres 2) Flexor carpi radialis 3) Palmaris longus 4) Flexor capri ulnaris 5) Flexor digitorum superficialis
46
Which muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are NOT innervated by the median nerve?
1) Flexor carpi ulnaris --> ulnar nerve
47
Describe flexor digitorum superficialis
Origin: 1) Medial epicondyle 2) Ulnar coronoid process 3) Oblique line of radius Insertion: Palmar surface, phalanges 2-5 Action: Flexion of elbow, first and fingers Innervation: Median nerve
48
Describe flexor pollicus longus
Origin: Anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane Insertion: base of 1st phalanx Action: Flexion of wrist and thumb Innervation: Median nerve
49
Describe flexor digitorum profundus
Origin: Proximal 3/4 anterior and medial ulnar and interosseous membrane Insertion: Palmar surface of distal phalanges 2-5 Action: Flexion of wrist and fingers Innervation: Lateral 2 innervated by median nerve, medial 2 innervated by ulnar nerve
50
Describe pronator quadratus
Origin: anterior surface of distal ulnar Insertion: Anterior surface of distal radius Action: prontation Innervation: median nerve
51
Describe brachioradialis
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: Lateral aspect of distal radius Action: Flexion in mid-pronation, pronation and supination Innervation: Radial nerve
52
Describe extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal Action: Extension and abduction Innervation: radial nerve
53
Describe extensor carpi radialis brevis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Base of 3rd metacarpal Innervation: radial nerve
54
Describe extensor digitorum
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Dorsal digital expansions of digits 2-5 Action: Extension of wrist and fingers Innervation: radial nerve
55
Describe extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin: lateral epicondyle and posterior ulna Insertion: Base of 5th metacarpal Action: Extension and abduction Innervation: radial nerve
56
Describe extensor digiti minimi
Origin: lateral epicondyle Insertion: Dorsal digital expansion of digit 5 Action: extension of 5th finger Innervation: radial nerve
57
Describe supinator
Origin: Lateral epicondyle and ulnar supinator crest Insertion: Proximal 1/3rd radius Action: supination Innervation: Radial nerve
58
Describe abductor pollicus longus
Origin: Middle 1/3rd radius, ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal Action: Thumb abduction Innervation: Radial nerve
59
Describe extensor pollicus longus
Origin: Middle 1/3rd ulnar and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of distal 1st phalanx Action: Thumb extension Innervation: Radial nerve
60
Describe extensor pollicus brevis
Origin: Distal 1/2 radius and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of proximal 1st phalanx Action: thumb extension Innervation: radial nerve
61
Describe extensor indices
Origin: Distal 1/2 of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Dorsal digital expansion of digit 2 Action: extension of 2nd MCPJ, PIP and DIP Innervation: radial nerve
62
Name muscles which originate at the lateral epicondyle/supracondylar ridge of the humerus (5, 2)
Lateral epicondyle: 1) Extensor carpi radialis brevis 2) Extensor digitorum 3) Extensor carpi ulnaris 4) Extensor digit minimi 5) Supinator Lateral supracondylar ridge 1) Brachioradialis 2) Extensor carpi radialis longus
63
Name 4 structures carried in the carpal tunnel
1) 4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis 2) 4 tendons of flexor digitorum proudness 3) Flexor pollicus longus 4) Median nerve
64
Name the borders of the anatomical snuffbox
Lateral: 1) Abductor pollicus longus 2) Extensor pollicus brevis Medial: 3) Extensor pollicus longus
65
Name two important vessels which pass through the anatomical snuffbox
1) Radial artery | 2) Cephalic vein
66
Name 4 bony landmarks which can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox
1) Scaphoid 2) Trapezoid 3) Radial styloid process 4) 1st metacarpal head
67
What structure would you be worried about in a patient who had a fall on out-stretched hands?
Radial artery --> scaphoid injuries are common in this type of fall, and the radial artery can be damaged and lead to avascular necrosis
68
Name the floor and roof of the carpal tunnel
Floor: carpal bones Roof: flexor retinaculum
69
Name the 3 muscles which make up the thenar eminence
1) Opponens pollicus 2) Abductor pollicus brevis 3) Flexor pollicus brevis
70
Which nerve innervates the thenar eminence?
Median nerve
71
Name the 3 muscles which make up the hypothenar eminence
1) Opponens digit minimi 2) Abductor digiti minimi 3) Flexor digiti minimi
72
Which nerve innervates the hypothenar eminence?
Ulnar nerve
73
Describe palmaris brevis
A small muscle which overlies the hypothenar eminence
74
Describe the lumbricals
4 muscles Origin: sides of metacarpals 2-5 Insertion: Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus Innervation: Medial/ulnar nerve
75
Describe Adductor pollicus
Origin: 3rd metacarpal Insertion: 1st phalanx
76
Describe the interossei muscles
4 dorsal, 3 or 4 palmar Origin: between adjacent metacarpals Insertion: proximal phalanges Innervation: ulnar nerve
77
The radial artery passes between the two heads of ??? to form the deep palmar arch
Adductor pollicus
78
Which artery passes between the two heads of adductor policcus to form the deep palmar arch?
Radial artery
79
What compartment does the median nerve supply?
Anterior forearm EXCEPT the medial 1 or 2 tendons of flexor digitorum proudness and the whole of flexor carpi ulnaris
80
Which compartment does the radial nerve supply?
Posterior arm and forearm
81
Which compartment does the ulnar nerve supply?
Hand EXCEPT thenar eminence and lateral 2 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
82
Which compartment does the musculocutaenous nerve supply?
Anterior upper arm
83
Which muscles does the axillary nerve supply?
Deltoid | Teres minor
84
Which action does the palmar interossei allow?
ADduction
85
Which action does the dorsal interossei allow?
ABduction
86
When does cervical lordosis arise?
When a baby starts holding their own head upright
87
When does lumbar lordosis arise?
When a baby starts to develop a bipedal gait
88
Name 2 functions of intervertebral discs
1) Provide shock absorption | 2) Increase column height
89
List a property specific to the atlas bone (C1)
No vertebral body
90
List a property specific to the axis bone (C2)
Odontoid peg/Dens
91
List 4 properties specific to the cervical vertebrae
1) Bifed spinous processe 2) Oval, flat vertebral body 3) Foramina transversium 4) Uncinate process on superior surface of vertebral body
92
What structure passes through the foramina transversium
Vertebral artery
93
List 4 properties specific to the thoracic vertebrae
1) Heart-shaped vertebral body 2) Angled spinous process 3) Costal facets and demi-facets on vertebral body 4) Transverse costal facets on transverse process
94
List 4 properties specific to the lumbar vertebrae
1) Large, kidney-shaped vertebral body 2) Broad, quadrilateral spinous process 3) Narrow projecting transverse processes 4) No additional facets
95
What structure do the superior and inferior vertebral notch form?
Intervertebral foramen
96
Which structure exits through the intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerves
97
What movements are possible in the cervical vertebral region?
``` Flexion Extension Rotation Lateral flexion Lateral extension ```
98
What movements are possible in the thoracic vertebral region?
Rotation
99
What movements are possible in the lumbar vertebral region?
Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Lateral extension
100
What movement occurs at the joint between the atlas and occipital condyles?
Neck flexion and extension
101
What movement occurs at the joint between the atlas and the axis
Neck rotation
102
What ligament holds he odontoid peg into the arch of the atlas
Transverse ligament of the atlas
103
Why is the transverse ligament of the atlas considered one of the most important ligaments in the body?
It prevents anterior dislocation of the atlas which would result in C1 cord compression
104
Describe the position of the external ligaments of the hip
Spiral round joint margin from acetabular margin and surrounding bone to insert into femur
105
When is the hip weakest?
During flexion and medial rotation - the ligaments tighten by twisting during extension, so flexion is weak
106
Describe iliofemoral ligament
Runs from anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular margin to intertrochanteric line
107
Describe pubofemoral ligament
Runs from anterior surface of pubic bone to the posterior neck of femur
108
Describe ischiofemoral ligament
Runs from ischium to inner aspect of intertrochanteric crest
109
Name the 3 external ligaments of the hip
1) Iliofemoral 2) Ischiofemoral 3) Pubofemoral
110
Name the 3 internal ligaments of the hip
1) Transverse acetabular ligament 2) Acetabular labrum 3) Ligamentum teres
111
Describe transverse acetabular ligament
Bridges the acetabular notch
112
Describe the acetabular labrum
Wedge-shaped cartilaginous structure which blends with the transfer acetabular ligament
113
Describe the ligamentum teres
Thick cord-like ligament which runs from the acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligament to the fovea capitits. This is an embryological structures which carries the artery of the head of the femur
114
Describe gluteus maximus
Origin: posterior gluteal line and surrounding tissue Insertion: Iliotibial band and gluteal tuberosity Action: Hip extension Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve
115
Describe gluteus medius
Origin: Between anterior and posterior gluteal line Insertion: Greater trochanter Action: Hip abduction, medial rotation Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
116
Describe gluteus minimus
Origin: Between anterior and inferior gluteal line Insertion: Greater trochanter Action: Hip abduction, medial rotation Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
117
Describe piriformis
Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum Insertion: Greater trochanter Action: Lateral rotation
118
Name 3 muscles which insert onto the greater trochanter
1) Gluteus medius 2) Gluteus minimus 3) Piriformis
119
Describe iliopsoas
Origin: L1-5 vertebral bodies, transverse processes and iliac crest Insertion: Lesser trochanter Action: Hip flexion Innervation: Femoral nerve
120
Describe rectus femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Hip flexion Innervation: Femoral nerve
121
Describe vastus medialis
Origin: linea aspera Action: Knee extension Innervation: Femoral nerve
122
Describe vastus intermedius
Origin: linea aspera Action: Knee extension Innervation: femoral nerve
123
Describe vastus lateralis
Origin: linea aspera Action: Knee extension Innervation: femoral nerve
124
Name 3 muscles which originate at the linea aspera
1) Vastus medialis 2) Vastus intermedius 3) Vastus lateralis
125
Describe sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: medial surface of tibia Action: hip flexion, knee flexion Innervation: Femoral nerve
126
Describe pectineus
Origin: pectineal line Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal femur Action: Adduction Innervation: femoral nerve
127
What 4 muscles make up the quadriceps?
1) Rectus femoris 2) Vastus medialis 3) Vastus intermedius 4) Vastus lateralis
128
Describe biceps femoris
Origin: Long head: Ischial tuberosity Short head: distal 1/3rd linea aspera Insertion: Head of fibula Action: Hip extension, knee flexion Innervation: Sciatic nerve
129
What nerve provides all motor innervation to the leg?
Sciatic nerve
130
Describe semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Posterior aspect of medial tibial condyle Action: Hip extension, knee flexion Innervation: Sciatic nerve
131
Describe semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal tibia Action: Hip extension, knee flexion Innervation: Sciatic nerve
132
Describe adductor longus
Origin: body of pubis Insertion: Middle 1/3 linea aspera Action: Adduction, hip flexion Innervation: Obturator nerve
133
Describe adductor brevis
Origin: Anterior surface of ischiopubic ramus Insertion: Lesser trochanter and proximal 1/3 linea aspera Action: Adduction and hip flexion Innervation: Obturator nerve
134
Describe adductor magnus
Origin: Ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Action: Adduction and hip flexion Innervation: Obturator nerve
135
Describe gracilis
Origin: Ischiopubic ramus and pubic body Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia Action: Adduction Innervation: Obturator
136
Name the 3 muscles which make up the hamstrings
1) Biceps femoris 2) Semimembranous 3) Semitendinosus
137
Name the borders of the femoral triangle
Superior: inguinal ligament Medial: adductor longus Lateral: Sartorius
138
Name 3 structures passing through the femoral triangle
Femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein
139
Name 5 superficial structures which support the knee
1) Quadriceps tendon 2) Patellar tendon 3) Medial collateral ligament 4) Lateral collateral ligament 5) Oblique popliteal ligament
140
Name 3 deep structures which support the knee
1a) Anterior cruciate ligament 1b) Posterior cruciate ligament 2a) Medial meniscus 2b) Lateral meniscus 3) Transverse ligament of the knee
141
Name the Unhappy Triad of the Knee
1) ACL 2) Medial meniscus 3) Medial collateral ligament
142
Name 4 structures which pass through the politeal fossa
Popliteal artery Popliteal vein Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve
143
When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
Inguinal ligament
144
When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
Adductor hiatus
145
Describe tibialis anterior
Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal 1/3 diaphysis Insertion: Medial cuneiform and metatarsal 1 Action: dorsiflexion and inversion Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
146
Describe extensor digitorum longus
Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal fibula Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges 2-5 Action: Dorsiflexion Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
147
Describe extensor hallicus longus
Origin: Middle 1/3 fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion: Dorsal surface of metatarsal 5 Action: Dorsiflexion, weak inversion Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
148
Describe peroneus tertius
Origin: Distal 1/3 fibula Insertion: Dorsal surface of metatarsal 5 Action: Dorsiflexion, eversion Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
149
What clinical sign is linked to the loss of the common peroneal or deep peroneal nerve?
Foot drop
150
Describe gastrocnemius
Origin: Medial and lateral supracondylar ridge Insertion: Calcaneal tuber (via Achilles tendon) Action: Plantarflexion, knee flexion Innervation: Tibial nerve
151
Describe soleus
Origin: Fibula head and neck, solid line Insertion: Calcaneal tuber (via Achilles tendon) Action: Plantarflexion Innervation: Tibial nerve
152
Describe plantaris
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge Insertion: Calcaneal tuber (via Achilles tendon) Action: Plantarflexion, knee flexion Innervation: Tibial nerve
153
Describe tibialis posterior
Origin: Posterior aspect of tibia and fibula Insertion: Navicular and medial cuneiform Action: Plantarflexion, inversion Innervation: Tibial nerve
154
Describe flexor digitorum longus
Origin: Middle 1/3 posterior tibia Insertion: Base of distal phalanges 2-5 Action: Plantarflexion Innervation: Tibial nerve
155
Describe flexor hallicus longus
Origin: 2/3rd distal fibula Insertion: Base of 1st distal phalanx Action: Plantarflexion Innervation: Tibial nerve
156
Describe popliteus
Origin: Lateral condyle of femur Insertion: Posterior tibia Action: 'Unlocks' knee - medial rotation of tibia and lateral rotation of femur Innervation: Tibial nerve
157
Describe peroneus longus
Origin: Lateral surface of proximal fibula Insertion: Medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal 1 Action: Eversion Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve
158
Describe peroneus brevis
Origin: Lateral surface of distal fibula Insertion: Base of metatarsal 5 Action: Eversion Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve
159
What movements are possible at the talocrural joint?
Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion
160
What movements are possible at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints?
Inversion and eversion
161
What nerve innervates the dorsum of the foot?
Deep peroneal nerve
162
What nerve innervates the plantar layers of the foot?
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
163
Name 6 structures which pass through the tarsal tunnel
1) Tibialis posterior 2) Flexor digitorum longus 3) Posterior tibial artery 4) Posterior tibial vein 5) Tibial nerve 6) Flexor hallicus longus

Year 4 (11 decks)

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