Anatomy Flashcards
Name 5 ligaments which stabilise the glenohumeral joint
- Transverse humeral ligament
- Coracohumeral ligament
- Superior glenohumeral ligament
- Middle glenohumeral ligament
- Inferior glenohumeral ligament
Name 3 ligaments which support the sternoclavicular joint
- Interclavicular ligament
- Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
- Costoclavicular ligament
Name 2 ligaments which support the acromioclavicular joint
- Acromioclavicular ligament
2. Coracoclavicular ligament (made of conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament)
Describe the walls of the axilla
Anterior: Pectoris major and pectoris minor, clavipectoral fascia
Lateral: intertubular sulcus
Medial: Thoracic wall, serrates anterior
Posterior: Subscapularis, latissmus dorsi, teres minor
Floor: armpit skin
Describe trapezius
Origin: superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, C7-C12
Insertion: Spine of scapula, accordion, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Actions:
superior 1/3rd –> scapula elevation
middle 1/3rd –> scapula retraction
inferior 1/3rd –> scapula depression
Describe Deltoid
Origin: Spine of scapula, lateral acromion and lateral 1/3rd of clavicle
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Actions:
anterior 1/3rd –> medial rotation, shoulder flexion
middle 1/3rd –> abduction
posterior 1/3rd –> adduction, lateral rotation
Innervation: axillary nerve
Describe levator scapulae
Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4
Insertion: Posterior medial border of scapula
Action: scapula elevation
Innervation: branches of anterior rami and dorsal scapula nerve
Describe Rhomboid major
Origin: Spinous process of T2-T5
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Action: scapula elevation and retraction
Innervation: dorsal scapula nerve
Describe Rhomboid minor
Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Action: scapula elevation and retraction
Innervation: dorsal scapula nerve
Describe latissimus dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of T6-L5, lower 3/4 ribs
Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus
Action: Adduction, medial rotation and extension
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve
Describe teres major
Origin: posterior surface of inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus
Action: Medial rotation and extension
Innervation: Lower sub scapular nerve
Which 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff?
Teres minor
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Which muscle tendon is involved in impingement syndrome?
Supraspinatus
Describe supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinatus fossa
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Initiation of 15o of abduction
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve
Describe infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinatus fossa
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: External rotation
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve
Describe teres minor
Origin: Posterior surface of scapula, just next to the lateral border
Insertion: Posterior surface of greater tubercle of humerus
Action: External rotation
Innervation: Axillary nerve
Which 2 muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?
1) Deltoid
2) Teres minor
Name 3 muscles which insert on to the greater tubercle of the humerus
1) Supraspinatus
2) Infraspinatus
3) Teres minor (posterior side)
Describe subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
Action: Internal rotation
Innervation: Subscapular nerve
Describe triceps brachii
Origin:
long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
other heads: posterior humerus
Insertion: olecranon process of ulna
Action: Elbow extension, shoulder adduction and extension
Innervation: Radial nerve
Describe biceps brachii
Origin:
long head: supraglenoid tubercles
short head: tip of coronoid process
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Action: elbox flexion, supination, shoulder flexion
Innervation: musculocutaenous nerve
What injury is commonly associated with a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?
Axillary nerve damage
Which injury commonly causes axillary nerve damage?
Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus
What clinical sign is associated with radial nerve damage?
Wrist drop
Which clinical sign is associated with ulnar nerve damage?
Ulnar claw
Which nerve is in association with the radial/spiral groove of the humerus?
Radial nerve
Which nerve is in association with the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Ulnar nerve
When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
The lateral border of the 1st rib
When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
Inferior border of teres minor
When does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar artery?
Radial neck
Describe coracobrachialis
Origin: Apex of coronoid process
Insertion: medial humerus
Action: Shoulder flexion and adduction
Innervation: Musculocutaenous nerve
Describe brachialis
Origin: Anterior humerus
Insertion: Ulnar tuberosity
Action: Elbow flexion
Innervation: Musculocutaenous nerve
Descibre Pectoralis major
Origin:
Clavicular head: medial half of clavicle
Sternocostal head: sternum, first 7 costal cartilages, sternal end of 6th rib
Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Action: Shoulder flexion, adduction, medial rotation
Innervation: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
Describe pectoralis minor
Origin: Ribs 3-5
Insertion: Coronoid process
Action: Scapula protraction, pulls tip of shoulder down
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
Describe subclavius
Origin: Rib 1
Insertion: Inferior surface of clavicle
Action: Pulls shoulder down and pulls clavicle medially
Innervation: Subclavius nerve
Describe serratus anterior
Origin: Lateral surface of ribs 1-9
Insertion: Costal surface of medial surface of scapula
Actions: Scapula protraction and retraction
Innervation: Long thoracic nerve
Name 4 structures which stabilise the elbow joint
- Joint capsule
- Radial collateral ligament
- Ulnar collateral ligament
- Annular ligament
Name 3 muscles which insert at the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
- Latissimus dorsi
- Teres major
- Pectoralis major
Name the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Name the 3 cords of the brachial plexus
Lateral
Middle
Medial
Describe pronator teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Midshaft radius
Action: Pronation
Innervation: Median nerve
Describe flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Base of metacarpal 2 and 3
Action: Flexion and abduction
Innervation: Median nerve
Describe palmaris longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis
Describe flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin:
1) medial epicondyle of humerus
2) Olecranon and posterior border of ulna
Action: Flexion and abduction
Innervation: Ulnar nerve
Name 5 muscles which originate at the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
1) Pronator teres
2) Flexor carpi radialis
3) Palmaris longus
4) Flexor capri ulnaris
5) Flexor digitorum superficialis
Which muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are NOT innervated by the median nerve?
1) Flexor carpi ulnaris –> ulnar nerve
Describe flexor digitorum superficialis
Origin:
1) Medial epicondyle
2) Ulnar coronoid process
3) Oblique line of radius
Insertion: Palmar surface, phalanges 2-5
Action: Flexion of elbow, first and fingers
Innervation: Median nerve
Describe flexor pollicus longus
Origin: Anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of 1st phalanx
Action: Flexion of wrist and thumb
Innervation: Median nerve
Describe flexor digitorum profundus
Origin: Proximal 3/4 anterior and medial ulnar and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Palmar surface of distal phalanges 2-5
Action: Flexion of wrist and fingers
Innervation: Lateral 2 innervated by median nerve, medial 2 innervated by ulnar nerve
Describe pronator quadratus
Origin: anterior surface of distal ulnar
Insertion: Anterior surface of distal radius
Action: prontation
Innervation: median nerve
Describe brachioradialis
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: Lateral aspect of distal radius
Action: Flexion in mid-pronation, pronation and supination
Innervation: Radial nerve
Describe extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal
Action: Extension and abduction
Innervation: radial nerve
Describe extensor carpi radialis brevis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Base of 3rd metacarpal
Innervation: radial nerve
Describe extensor digitorum
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Dorsal digital expansions of digits 2-5
Action: Extension of wrist and fingers
Innervation: radial nerve
Describe extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin: lateral epicondyle and posterior ulna
Insertion: Base of 5th metacarpal
Action: Extension and abduction
Innervation: radial nerve
Describe extensor digiti minimi
Origin: lateral epicondyle
Insertion: Dorsal digital expansion of digit 5
Action: extension of 5th finger
Innervation: radial nerve
Describe supinator
Origin: Lateral epicondyle and ulnar supinator crest
Insertion: Proximal 1/3rd radius
Action: supination
Innervation: Radial nerve
Describe abductor pollicus longus
Origin: Middle 1/3rd radius, ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal
Action: Thumb abduction
Innervation: Radial nerve
Describe extensor pollicus longus
Origin: Middle 1/3rd ulnar and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of distal 1st phalanx
Action: Thumb extension
Innervation: Radial nerve
Describe extensor pollicus brevis
Origin: Distal 1/2 radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of proximal 1st phalanx
Action: thumb extension
Innervation: radial nerve
Describe extensor indices
Origin: Distal 1/2 of ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsal digital expansion of digit 2
Action: extension of 2nd MCPJ, PIP and DIP
Innervation: radial nerve
Name muscles which originate at the lateral epicondyle/supracondylar ridge of the humerus (5, 2)
Lateral epicondyle:
1) Extensor carpi radialis brevis
2) Extensor digitorum
3) Extensor carpi ulnaris
4) Extensor digit minimi
5) Supinator
Lateral supracondylar ridge
1) Brachioradialis
2) Extensor carpi radialis longus
Name 4 structures carried in the carpal tunnel
1) 4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
2) 4 tendons of flexor digitorum proudness
3) Flexor pollicus longus
4) Median nerve
Name the borders of the anatomical snuffbox
Lateral:
1) Abductor pollicus longus
2) Extensor pollicus brevis
Medial:
3) Extensor pollicus longus
Name two important vessels which pass through the anatomical snuffbox
1) Radial artery
2) Cephalic vein
Name 4 bony landmarks which can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox
1) Scaphoid
2) Trapezoid
3) Radial styloid process
4) 1st metacarpal head
What structure would you be worried about in a patient who had a fall on out-stretched hands?
Radial artery –> scaphoid injuries are common in this type of fall, and the radial artery can be damaged and lead to avascular necrosis
Name the floor and roof of the carpal tunnel
Floor: carpal bones
Roof: flexor retinaculum
Name the 3 muscles which make up the thenar eminence
1) Opponens pollicus
2) Abductor pollicus brevis
3) Flexor pollicus brevis
Which nerve innervates the thenar eminence?
Median nerve
Name the 3 muscles which make up the hypothenar eminence
1) Opponens digit minimi
2) Abductor digiti minimi
3) Flexor digiti minimi
Which nerve innervates the hypothenar eminence?
Ulnar nerve
Describe palmaris brevis
A small muscle which overlies the hypothenar eminence
Describe the lumbricals
4 muscles
Origin: sides of metacarpals 2-5
Insertion: Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Innervation: Medial/ulnar nerve
Describe Adductor pollicus
Origin: 3rd metacarpal
Insertion: 1st phalanx
Describe the interossei muscles
4 dorsal, 3 or 4 palmar
Origin: between adjacent metacarpals
Insertion: proximal phalanges
Innervation: ulnar nerve
The radial artery passes between the two heads of ??? to form the deep palmar arch
Adductor pollicus
Which artery passes between the two heads of adductor policcus to form the deep palmar arch?
Radial artery
What compartment does the median nerve supply?
Anterior forearm EXCEPT the medial 1 or 2 tendons of flexor digitorum proudness and the whole of flexor carpi ulnaris
Which compartment does the radial nerve supply?
Posterior arm and forearm
Which compartment does the ulnar nerve supply?
Hand EXCEPT thenar eminence and lateral 2 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Which compartment does the musculocutaenous nerve supply?
Anterior upper arm
Which muscles does the axillary nerve supply?
Deltoid
Teres minor
Which action does the palmar interossei allow?
ADduction
Which action does the dorsal interossei allow?
ABduction
When does cervical lordosis arise?
When a baby starts holding their own head upright
When does lumbar lordosis arise?
When a baby starts to develop a bipedal gait
Name 2 functions of intervertebral discs
1) Provide shock absorption
2) Increase column height
List a property specific to the atlas bone (C1)
No vertebral body
List a property specific to the axis bone (C2)
Odontoid peg/Dens
List 4 properties specific to the cervical vertebrae
1) Bifed spinous processe
2) Oval, flat vertebral body
3) Foramina transversium
4) Uncinate process on superior surface of vertebral body
What structure passes through the foramina transversium
Vertebral artery
List 4 properties specific to the thoracic vertebrae
1) Heart-shaped vertebral body
2) Angled spinous process
3) Costal facets and demi-facets on vertebral body
4) Transverse costal facets on transverse process
List 4 properties specific to the lumbar vertebrae
1) Large, kidney-shaped vertebral body
2) Broad, quadrilateral spinous process
3) Narrow projecting transverse processes
4) No additional facets
What structure do the superior and inferior vertebral notch form?
Intervertebral foramen
Which structure exits through the intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerves
What movements are possible in the cervical vertebral region?
Flexion Extension Rotation Lateral flexion Lateral extension
What movements are possible in the thoracic vertebral region?
Rotation
What movements are possible in the lumbar vertebral region?
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Lateral extension
What movement occurs at the joint between the atlas and occipital condyles?
Neck flexion and extension
What movement occurs at the joint between the atlas and the axis
Neck rotation
What ligament holds he odontoid peg into the arch of the atlas
Transverse ligament of the atlas
Why is the transverse ligament of the atlas considered one of the most important ligaments in the body?
It prevents anterior dislocation of the atlas which would result in C1 cord compression
Describe the position of the external ligaments of the hip
Spiral round joint margin from acetabular margin and surrounding bone to insert into femur
When is the hip weakest?
During flexion and medial rotation - the ligaments tighten by twisting during extension, so flexion is weak
Describe iliofemoral ligament
Runs from anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular margin to intertrochanteric line
Describe pubofemoral ligament
Runs from anterior surface of pubic bone to the posterior neck of femur
Describe ischiofemoral ligament
Runs from ischium to inner aspect of intertrochanteric crest
Name the 3 external ligaments of the hip
1) Iliofemoral
2) Ischiofemoral
3) Pubofemoral
Name the 3 internal ligaments of the hip
1) Transverse acetabular ligament
2) Acetabular labrum
3) Ligamentum teres
Describe transverse acetabular ligament
Bridges the acetabular notch
Describe the acetabular labrum
Wedge-shaped cartilaginous structure which blends with the transfer acetabular ligament
Describe the ligamentum teres
Thick cord-like ligament which runs from the acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligament to the fovea capitits. This is an embryological structures which carries the artery of the head of the femur
Describe gluteus maximus
Origin: posterior gluteal line and surrounding tissue
Insertion: Iliotibial band and gluteal tuberosity
Action: Hip extension
Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve
Describe gluteus medius
Origin: Between anterior and posterior gluteal line
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Action: Hip abduction, medial rotation
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
Describe gluteus minimus
Origin: Between anterior and inferior gluteal line
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Action: Hip abduction, medial rotation
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
Describe piriformis
Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Action: Lateral rotation
Name 3 muscles which insert onto the greater trochanter
1) Gluteus medius
2) Gluteus minimus
3) Piriformis
Describe iliopsoas
Origin: L1-5 vertebral bodies, transverse processes and iliac crest
Insertion: Lesser trochanter
Action: Hip flexion
Innervation: Femoral nerve
Describe rectus femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
Action: Hip flexion
Innervation: Femoral nerve
Describe vastus medialis
Origin: linea aspera
Action: Knee extension
Innervation: Femoral nerve
Describe vastus intermedius
Origin: linea aspera
Action: Knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerve
Describe vastus lateralis
Origin: linea aspera
Action: Knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerve
Name 3 muscles which originate at the linea aspera
1) Vastus medialis
2) Vastus intermedius
3) Vastus lateralis
Describe sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion: medial surface of tibia
Action: hip flexion, knee flexion
Innervation: Femoral nerve
Describe pectineus
Origin: pectineal line
Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal femur
Action: Adduction
Innervation: femoral nerve
What 4 muscles make up the quadriceps?
1) Rectus femoris
2) Vastus medialis
3) Vastus intermedius
4) Vastus lateralis
Describe biceps femoris
Origin:
Long head: Ischial tuberosity
Short head: distal 1/3rd linea aspera
Insertion: Head of fibula
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion
Innervation: Sciatic nerve
What nerve provides all motor innervation to the leg?
Sciatic nerve
Describe semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Posterior aspect of medial tibial condyle
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion
Innervation: Sciatic nerve
Describe semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal tibia
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion
Innervation: Sciatic nerve
Describe adductor longus
Origin: body of pubis
Insertion: Middle 1/3 linea aspera
Action: Adduction, hip flexion
Innervation: Obturator nerve
Describe adductor brevis
Origin: Anterior surface of ischiopubic ramus
Insertion: Lesser trochanter and proximal 1/3 linea aspera
Action: Adduction and hip flexion
Innervation: Obturator nerve
Describe adductor magnus
Origin: Ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
Action: Adduction and hip flexion
Innervation: Obturator nerve
Describe gracilis
Origin: Ischiopubic ramus and pubic body
Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia
Action: Adduction
Innervation: Obturator
Name the 3 muscles which make up the hamstrings
1) Biceps femoris
2) Semimembranous
3) Semitendinosus
Name the borders of the femoral triangle
Superior: inguinal ligament
Medial: adductor longus
Lateral: Sartorius
Name 3 structures passing through the femoral triangle
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Name 5 superficial structures which support the knee
1) Quadriceps tendon
2) Patellar tendon
3) Medial collateral ligament
4) Lateral collateral ligament
5) Oblique popliteal ligament
Name 3 deep structures which support the knee
1a) Anterior cruciate ligament
1b) Posterior cruciate ligament
2a) Medial meniscus
2b) Lateral meniscus
3) Transverse ligament of the knee
Name the Unhappy Triad of the Knee
1) ACL
2) Medial meniscus
3) Medial collateral ligament
Name 4 structures which pass through the politeal fossa
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve
When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
Inguinal ligament
When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
Adductor hiatus
Describe tibialis anterior
Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal 1/3 diaphysis
Insertion: Medial cuneiform and metatarsal 1
Action: dorsiflexion and inversion
Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
Describe extensor digitorum longus
Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal fibula
Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges 2-5
Action: Dorsiflexion
Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
Describe extensor hallicus longus
Origin: Middle 1/3 fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
Action: Dorsiflexion, weak inversion
Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
Describe peroneus tertius
Origin: Distal 1/3 fibula
Insertion: Dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
Action: Dorsiflexion, eversion
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
What clinical sign is linked to the loss of the common peroneal or deep peroneal nerve?
Foot drop
Describe gastrocnemius
Origin: Medial and lateral supracondylar ridge
Insertion: Calcaneal tuber (via Achilles tendon)
Action: Plantarflexion, knee flexion
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Describe soleus
Origin: Fibula head and neck, solid line
Insertion: Calcaneal tuber (via Achilles tendon)
Action: Plantarflexion
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Describe plantaris
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge
Insertion: Calcaneal tuber (via Achilles tendon)
Action: Plantarflexion, knee flexion
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Describe tibialis posterior
Origin: Posterior aspect of tibia and fibula
Insertion: Navicular and medial cuneiform
Action: Plantarflexion, inversion
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Describe flexor digitorum longus
Origin: Middle 1/3 posterior tibia
Insertion: Base of distal phalanges 2-5
Action: Plantarflexion
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Describe flexor hallicus longus
Origin: 2/3rd distal fibula
Insertion: Base of 1st distal phalanx
Action: Plantarflexion
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Describe popliteus
Origin: Lateral condyle of femur
Insertion: Posterior tibia
Action: ‘Unlocks’ knee - medial rotation of tibia and lateral rotation of femur
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Describe peroneus longus
Origin: Lateral surface of proximal fibula
Insertion: Medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal 1
Action: Eversion
Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve
Describe peroneus brevis
Origin: Lateral surface of distal fibula
Insertion: Base of metatarsal 5
Action: Eversion
Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve
What movements are possible at the talocrural joint?
Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion
What movements are possible at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints?
Inversion and eversion
What nerve innervates the dorsum of the foot?
Deep peroneal nerve
What nerve innervates the plantar layers of the foot?
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
Name 6 structures which pass through the tarsal tunnel
1) Tibialis posterior
2) Flexor digitorum longus
3) Posterior tibial artery
4) Posterior tibial vein
5) Tibial nerve
6) Flexor hallicus longus
