GP Flashcards
What percentage of people consult their GP at least once a year?
75%
What is the average number of GP consultations per registered patient?
6 (double the rate of the previous decade)
What groups of people consult their GP more frequently?
- Older people
- Children
- Females
- Socially deprived areas
What explains the gender differences in GP consultation rates?
The higher consultation rates in women of reproductive years
Describe the ‘illness iceberg’
This refers to the observation that the majority of symptoms experienced by the population are never presented to the doctor
Define ‘illness behaviour’
‘The manner in which people differentially perceive, evaluate and respond to symptoms
Define a ‘lay referral’
People discussing their symptoms with other people, such as family members, close friends or people who are known to have had similar health problems
Describe the 5 possible triggers for consulting
- Interpersonal crisis
- Perceived interference with work activities
- Perceived interference with social/leisure activities
- Sanctioning by others who insist help be sought (lay referral)
- Symptoms persist beyond arbitrary time limit set by individual
Describe the WHO definition of health promotion
‘The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.’
The most effective health promotion initiatives…
operate at a population level and involve public health measures
List 3 reasons why GPs are well placed to carry out health promotion
- Most people are registered with a GP
- Most patients consult at least every 3 years, allowing for opportunistic health promotion
- GPs can link health promotion advice to a specific presenting complaint
Define primary disease prevention
Preventing disease
Define secondary disease prevention
Slowing the progression and avoiding complications of existing disease
Define tertiary disease prevention
Minimising the ill-health and disability caused by existing disease
Define ‘screening’
‘the presumptive identification of unrecognised disease or defects by means of tests, examinations or other procedures.’
Describe some negative effects of screening
- Unnecessary anxiety
- Identifying false positive results
- Unnecessary investigations and treatments
Describe the standard criteria used for assessing a screening programme
- Condition screened for should be an important one
- There should be an acceptable treatment for patients with the disease
- The facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available
- There should be a recognised latent or early symptomatic stage
- There should be a suitable test which has few false positives and false negatives
- The test should be acceptable to the population
- The cost, including diagnosis and subsequent treatment, should be affordable
Who is offered a cervical smear and how often?
Women aged 25-64
Those aged 25-49 are called every 3 years
Those aged 50-64 are called every 5 years
For women aged 35-64, participation in a screening programme reduces the risk of endocervical cancer by ??% and the risk of advanced cancer by ??%?
60-80%
90%
The rates of uptake of the cervical smear test is lowest in what groups?
- Young women
- Women over 50
- Women from ethnic minority groups
- Women from areas of social deprivation
List some reasons for non-attendance of cervical smear tests
- Inconvenience
- Fear of cancer
- Apathy
- Concerns about the procedure
- Mistaken beliefs e.g. only women with many sexual partners get cervical cancer, lesbians and women who aren’t sexually active don’t need to get smears
Describe the Guthrie (NBS) test
Newborn blood spot test, which involves taking a small amount of blood using a heel-prick when a baby is about 5 days old, usually carried out by community midwives.
What conditions does the Guthrie test test for?
- Cystic fibrosis
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Sickle cell disease
- Other inherited metabolic disease
Define ‘surveillance’
‘A system of ongoing health checks to detect abnormality/disease in a previously health individual’ or ‘a system of ongoing health checks to detect complications and monitor the progression of a patient with existing disease’.