Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nutrition thru life > Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence Nutr. req > Flashcards

Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence Nutr. req Flashcards

1
Q

For infants, children, and adolescents, the energy requirement is based on:

A

energy expenditure + energy for growth/deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The energy needed for growth is (more/less) than the energy expenditure (TEE). What is used as an indicator if energy is sufficient?

A

less

growth is good indicator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the energy for growth is needed to: (2)

A

energy DEPOSITED in tissue

energy needed to SYNTHESIZE tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is energy needs calculated for infants 0-2? What does not need to be considered?

A

EER equation
EER = TEE + energy deposition
no difference in gender, no PAL (inactive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the studies on energy cost of growth for infants were mostly conducted on:

A

preterm recovering babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to deposition energy needs as age increases in children?

A

DECREASES
only significant in 1st year; decrease to 3%
*until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are the first 6 months crucial in terms of nutrition?

A

highest nutrient req per weight!

period of RAPID ORGAN GROWTH - detrimental effects magnified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a better detector of faltering growth than growth charts? What does it indicate?

A

growth RATES (height or weight gain per month)

indicate insufficient energy
weight = ACUTE
length = CHRONIC (long term)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does energy expenditure differ in a newborn vs 1 yr old?

A

same % BMR

newborn: higher GROWTH, thermal stress
1 yr old: higher activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The BMR of a newborn is primarily for what parts of the body?

A

brain (70%!), heart, liver, kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does energy expenditure compare in a newborn vs adult?

A

newborn have 2x higher expenditure (per body wt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does metabolism of organs change after birth?

A

higher O2 consumption, increases as mass of organs increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Apart from growth needs, what is another major contributor to newborn energy needs?

A

cold exposure -> thermal stress

NON-SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS -> increased metabolic rate!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is fat composition in newborns different, and what implications does this have?

A

have BROWN ADIPOSE: metabolically active fat capable of thermogenesis -> oxidize fat for energy/heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is BAT different from WAT?

A

BAT: highly vascularized, can oxidize fat, present in newborns, innervated, small lipid droplets and lot of mitochondria

WAT: spherical, filled with fat, storage tissue, produce inflammatory cytokines (THFa, mcp1, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is BAT produced, and how does it function in the body?

A

cold exposure -> symp. NS stimulate more BAT production

NON SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS
mitochondria will make UCP1 (uncoupling protein) -> uncouple e transport chain from ATP -> so instead of making ATP, generated energy dissipate as HEAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is nonshivering thermogenesis important in infants?

A

no physical activity, need other method to generate heat and stay warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do energy requirements change once kids reach 3-8 years?

A

still EER for TEE + growth;
need to account for PAL
boys need more energy (bigger wt/ht)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The most important contributor to energy needs, _____, depends on what 3 factors?

A

BMR

  1. mass of each metabolically active tissue
  2. % of each metabolically active tissue
  3. contribution of each tissue to energy metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

For 3-8 yr olds, the TEE is based on ____ while the energy for growth is based on ____.

A

doubly labelled water studies

rate of weight/protein/fat increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is energy needs determined for a faltering child?

A

based on weight/height of NORMAL child

use 50th percentile, or multiply by 1.2-1.5, or 1.5-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do energy deposition needs change again in adolescence?

A

increased, due to development of primary + secondary sex characteristics (puberty), heart/muscle/resp systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What contributes to differences in energy req among adolescents?

A

gender (males need more; females are smaller, more fat, so lower BMR)

different activity levels (highly variable)

different development rates (different timing, magnitude)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What forms the bulk of metabolic active tissue in adolescents and adults, and what is it correlated with?

A

FFM

energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
growth during adolescence is generally (fast/slow), except during:
slow | growth spurt
26
What is the basis of carb req for babies 0-6months? What about 7-12 months?
amount in human milk (x amount consumed) older babies: milk + median intake from complementary foods
27
higher intakes of sugar may result in lower intake of ____. this is known as the _____ effect.
micronutrients (vit, minerals) | nutrient dilution effect
28
At what age does carb requirement become the same as adults? What is this based on?
1 yr | based on requirement for brain (RDA)
29
What is the differences in fibre recommendations for each age group?
same AI calculation: 14g/1000kcal | higher energy needs -> more fibre
30
Protein req for infants is based on:
content and volume of human milk
31
How does protein intake of formula fed babies compare to breastfed, and what implications does this have?
higher protein more protein -> more rapid wt/length gain, more adiposity more IGF1 (Promote growth)
32
What is the "early protein hypothesis?"
early high protein -> increase risk of later obesity & related problems because of high amounts of insulin releasing AA; more IGF1, insulin
33
What is the method for estimating protein requirement for children, and when can this start to be used?
RDA - use factorial method | can start in late infancy (7-12 month)
34
the protein factorial method includes:
1. maintenence requirement (mean) 2. rate of protein deposition (mean) 3. efficiency in using for growth (x1.72)
35
fat requirements for infants:
AI based on milk | 31g <6 months, 30g 7-12 month
36
fat requirements for children/adults:
no RDA/AI - follow AMDR less than 3 years: 30-40% 8+ years: <35%
37
Do most young kids get sufficient fat in the diet?
yes; but 47% of 1-3 year olds consume less than 30% fat
38
How does omega 6 in the diet change once weaning begins?
% in diet decreases slightly from 8% -> 6% (total amount increases)
39
omega 3 is very important for infants for what reasons?
-> DHA (for dev brain, retinas)
40
What is the requirement for PUFAs for children and adolescents based on?
median intake in areas of no defiency (AI)
41
the recommended omega 6 to 3 ratio:
between 5:1 and 10:1
42
Why do males have higher AI for PUFAs?
oxidized for energy; males have higher energy req
43
How is the water requirement for infants determined?
water in milk, volume drank per day (+ foods after 6 months) | rounded up
44
What is the water recommendation for kids & adolescents, and why?
AI median intake cannot establish amount for ALL, since too much variability in activity, environment, etc
45
Na and Cl for infants is based on:
mean intake from milk (+ food after 6 months)
46
When are the kidneys considered to be functioning at adult capacity?
12 months
47
What is the AI for Na and Cl for kids based on? Do kids tend to have a high or low intake?
meeting OTHER nutritional needs; more food -> more Na consumed extrapolated from adult data (Na vs total energy intake) kids have HIGH intake; need more energy -> more Na since more food
48
What is K for infants based on? What about for kids/adolescents?
amount in milk (+ food after 6 months) | extrapolated, same as Na
49
why is it important to have sufficient K in childhood?
citrate for bicarb buffer counteract effects of Na -> natriuretic, promote Na excretion (not enough K -> Na + water enter cell -> artery pressure -> HTN; deficiency accumulate over time!)
50
Why is K (or Na) req not based on weight for children?
risk of underestimation; kids have higher energy per weight needs than adults
51
How are most vitamins and mineral requirements determined for children?
extrapolate from adult data (account for faster metabolism and growth) Adult RDA x (1+ growth factor) x (kid wt/adult wt)^0.75
52
how does the "growth factor" for vitamin calculation change through childhood?
decrease female reach 0 by age 13 male reach 0 after 18
53
Infants who are breastfed should receive supplements of _____
vitamin D (400 IU)
54
What are the vit D recommendations for children?
same as adults (600IU) | to maintain normal Ca metabolism, bone health
55
A newborn is very susceptible to vitamin ___ deficiency. Why, and what can this lead to?
vitamin K poorly transported across placenta low [clotting factors] -> bleeding risk (HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN)
56
In the weeks following birth, why would a infant still be at high bleeding risk, and what can this cause?
almost no vit K in milk -> further deficiency | late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (3-8 wks)
57
List in order of increasing vitamin K: cow milk, formula, human milk
human milk < cow milk < formula
58
How can we prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn?
``` give vit K shot at birth or orally (but need higher dose) ```
59
What is the vitamin K req for infants based on?
amount in milk (accounting for supplement at birth!)
60
How does vitamin K recommendation change once weaning starts?
higher amount; extrapolated from infant amount | no data on foods
61
Vitamin K deficiency is very (common/rare) in kids. How does it occur?
malabsorption | drug interaction
62
Good vitamin status is associated with good ______ in prepubertal children. Why?
bone mass reduced vitamin K -> COFACTOR for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase modify glutamate residues in vitamin K dependent proteins -> binding of OSTEOCALCIN to hydroxyapatite for bone!
63
VKD proteins are essential for:
coagulation | bone synthesis
64
A drug that affects metabolism of vit K is ____, which is a blood ____. How does it work?
warfarin thinner inhibit vit K epoxide reductase -> cannot reduce oxidized vit K -> inactive vit K can't be reused in cycle (no more clotting)
65
The 3 ways of calculating Ca needs for adolescents:
1. factorial approach 2. retention to meet PEAK BONE ACCRETION (like infants) 3. clinical trials (measure BMC in response to Ca intake)
66
Ca for kids is based on:
accretion | account for retention rate of only 20%
67
are current adolescents getting enough Ca?
NO! | girls are even lower than boys for recommendation; both well below
68
The most common nutrition deficiency in the world is:
iron deficiency
69
How are recomendations for young infants changed once they reach 7 months?
0-6 month: based on milk 7-12 month: factorial approach *median total Fe deposition (Hb, storage, nonstorage) account for losses, bioavailability (10%), intake from food
70
Why is the bioavailability factor of iron lower for infants?
non-meat sources, lower bioavailability
71
what are the factors considered for iron needs in children?
1. basal losses (fecal, urinary, dermal) 2. Hb mass increase 3. storage Fe increase 4. nonstorage Fe increase * account for bioavailability (10% nonmeat, 18% omnivore)
72
What changes in the Iron factorial considerations once adolescence is reached?
Fe storage is full; don't need to account for deposition in stores anymore
73
What changes in adolescence cause an increase in iron needs?
weight gain -> more Fe needed (tissue nonstorage Fe) | menstruation begins -> girls need more!
74
How was the RDA for Iodine set for kids?
based on median intake of REHABILITATED malnourished children
75
fluoride can come from ____ or ____, and has what benefits?
food or water | protect against dental caries
76
what are the negative effects fluoride could cause?
high intake before adult teeth erupt -> ENAMEL FLUOROSIS (white patches) more severe: brown mottled teeth extreme chronic amounts -> fluorosis -> calcification, damage bone and joints

nutrition thru life (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions