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nutrition thru life > Dietary Reference Intakes > Flashcards

Dietary Reference Intakes Flashcards

1
Q

What existed before the DRIs?

A

Canada: RNI
USA: former RDAs
FAO/WHO/UNU: Safe Level of Intake

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2
Q

When were current DRIs established?

A

1997

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3
Q

What is the RDA NOT applicable for?

A

overcoming deficiencies
recovery from illness
preventing chronic disease* (but working towards that)

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4
Q

What does DRI stand for?

A

Dietary Reference Intakes

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5
Q

True/False: a person consuming LESS than the AI for a nutrient is most likely deficient

A

False: cannot establish risk level for intake below AI, as data is insufficient - cannot conclude that there is deficiency. (but AI and above is almost certain to be sufficient)

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6
Q

The RDA is calculated as ___ above the EAR, or ___ of the EAR if ___.

A

2SD, 120%, population SD unknown

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7
Q

The DRIs were a collaboration of ___ and were established by:

A

A collaboration between USDA, health Canada, NIH, US Academy of Sciences

Standing Committee for the DRIs

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8
Q

True/False: RDA values are higher than EAR

A

true

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9
Q

If the population consumed a nutrient at the EAR level, ___ % would have a deficiency.

A

50%

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10
Q

EAR stands for:

A

Estimated Average Requirement

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11
Q

True/False: RDA stands for Recommended Daily Allowance

A

False: Recommended Dietary Allowance

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12
Q

What is used as a recommendation if no EAR data exists?

A

AI

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13
Q

True/False: All nutrients with a RDA also have an EAR

A

True; EAR is needed in order to calculate the RDA

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14
Q

What are the branches of the Standing Committee for the DRIs?

A

UL Subcommittee
Nutrient Expert Panels (7)
Use of the DRIs Subcommittee

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15
Q

The calculation methods of EAR and RDA are only applicable for what type of distribution?

A

Gaussian/Normal

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16
Q

What is the defining characteristic of a normal distribution?

A

bell-curve shape: mean=media=mode

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17
Q

What are the 7 nutrition expert panels of the SC for the DRIs?

A
  1. Ca, P, F, Mg, and vit D
  2. Folate, B12, Choline, and other B vitamins
  3. Antioxidants & related nutrients
  4. Trace elements
  5. Electrolytes
  6. Energy & Macronutrients
  7. Other Components
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18
Q

Why has UL determination become more relevant in recent years?

A

Increased fortification/supplementation of nutrients

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19
Q

What periods in life show rapid changes in nutrient requirements? Why?

A

Pregnancy, infancy to adolescence

periods of growth and development -> changing needs

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20
Q

True/False: If you consume a nutrient at the level of the RDA, you are GUARANTEED to be eating sufficient levels.

A

False; still a 2.5% chance of deficiency due to individual variations

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21
Q

At what point below the RDA can you conclude that the person is likely deficient?

A

below 2/3rds of the RDA is the cut-off point. The lower the intake below the RDA, the higher the risk of deficiency.

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22
Q

What are the general recommendations for fat intake?

A

Should be less than 30% of energy, with less than 10% as saturated fat.

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23
Q

Why should you limit caffeine consumption?

A

Increases risk of osteoporosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease.

24
Q

What is the difference between EAR and RDA?

A

RDA is calculated from EAR (EAR + 2SD)

25
If the population consumed a nutrient at the RDA level, ___% would be deficient
2.5
26
Why do we set the RDA at a level that is adequate or above for only 97.5% of the population (leaving out 2.5%)?
Increasing the RDA further would lead to larger excesses for the majority of the population without decreasing the % of potential deficiences by much.
27
What is the role of the UL subcommittee?
To use toxicology studies and risk assessment to determine HIGHEST level of NO ADVERSE EFFECT
28
What age group does not have RDA values?
0-1 yrs (infancy)
29
What are AI values based on?
observations made on healthy populations | or experimental studies
30
True/False: For groups, the RDA is used as a recommendation.
False: the EAR is used as the recommendation for groups; the RDA is used for INDIVIDUALS
31
True/False: a nutrient has ONE specific criteria used to determine RDA for all subgroups of the population
False; some nutrients have different criteria for gender/life stage (ex: Ca)
32
True/False: consuming a nutrient at the UL level is likely to be harmful.
False: UL is the highest level of no adverse effect. However, it is the LIMIT, not the recommended intake.
33
How are energy recommendations different from other nutrients?
There is no RDA calculated from EAR. Recommendations are made on an individual basis, depending on physiological factors (height, weight, gender) and activity level
34
what are the criteria for adequate energy intake?
Healthy BMI and healthy level of physical activity
35
What is the difference between the current RDAs and the previous recommendations?
Old RDA and RNIs were created from judgement based safety factors. Current RDAs are calculated quantitatively using population data (EAR)
36
True/False: The EAR is the AVERAGE intake of a population
False: The EAR is based on DISTRIBUTION, not the average, and represents the adequate amount for half the population. *In a normal distribution, this coincides with the average.
37
RDAs must account for differences due to:
1. individual variation 2. bioavailability 3. sex/age 4. Physiological state
38
Valid experimental studies used for determining some EARs include:
1. Deficiency states 2. Balance studies 3. Animal research
39
Steps for setting the RDAs:
1. determine EAR for each subgroup 2. SAFETY FACTOR for optimal tissue stores 3. Factor in needs for additional growth (pregnancy/lactation) 4. Factor in Bioavailability 5. Adjust for individual variation: add 2SD
40
What are the main goals in current revisions with the RDAs?
- Include chronic disease prevention in addition to deficiency disease prevention - More research done on micronutrient RDAs (possible contribution to chronic disease prevention) - Establish UL for nutrients (supplementation increasing) - Consider nonessential components (phytochemicals, antioxidants, prebiotics)
41
Why do energy recommendations not have an RDA?
Risk of overconsumption for most of population -> increased rate of obesity
42
True/False: If the mean intake of a group is above the EAR level, then there is no concern about deficiency.
False. It depends on the DISTRIBUTION of the group; a large % may actually still be below the EAR if there is a wide distribution.
43
What does a wide distribution signify?
Greater variation among a population, greater SD and CV values.
44
Why was the word "daily" dropped from recommendations?
It gave the impression that you must meet a certain "goal" for each day; in reality you need an OVERALL adequate amount (body can compensate for higher/lower consumption from day to day)
45
True/False: If there is no UL for a nutrient, excess consumption will not cause any harm.
False. No UL means that such studies have not yet been done.
46
How do you determine the target mean for a group?
compare with EAR: | Target mean = EAR/[1-2*(intake CV)]
47
What is the role of the Use of the DRIs Subcommittee?
Application of DRIs to make recommendations for general public in the form of Dietary Guidelines, nutrition education, etc.
48
True/False: Dietary guidelines are not exact quantitative recommendations.
True. Dietary guidelines may offer semi-quantitative advice (certain number of servings per day) or make general recommendations (more fruits/vegs/whole grains)
49
What are some concerns with lowering the fat intake values for the population?
- EFA deficiencies (especially risky for children) - shift in food types (less animal foods) -> less protein, affects bioavailability of minerals - RDAs would need to be recalculated to account for shifted diets
50
True/False: a VARIED diet is best for obtaining all essential nutrients.
True
51
Focuses of the nutrition recommendations include:
1. sufficient energy to maintain body weight (and adjusting intake to match activity level) 2. Essential nutrients in correct amounts (varied diet is best) 3. lower fat intake (especially saturated)
52
Differences between Dietary Guidelines and RDAs:
1. Guidelines target overall behaviour of population rather than nutrient amounts 2. Target every man/woman/child (universal) 3. Guidelines focus on macronutrients, use more statistical data on population consumption
53
What should be the major source of energy in the diet?
Carbohydrates, especially whole grains, fruit, and vegetables.
54
Why is excessive alcohol consumption a concern?
- displaces other nutrients in the diet - risk of cancer/heart disease/liver disease/osteoporosis - can affect absorption of some nutrients
55
What are the focuses of the Canada Food Guide revision?
nutrient targets, energy levels, food groups, serving sizes

nutrition thru life (15 decks)

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