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nutrition thru life > Dietary Reference Intakes > Flashcards

Dietary Reference Intakes Flashcards

1
Q

What existed before the DRIs?

A

Canada: RNI
USA: former RDAs
FAO/WHO/UNU: Safe Level of Intake

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2
Q

When were current DRIs established?

A

1997

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3
Q

What is the RDA NOT applicable for?

A

overcoming deficiencies
recovery from illness
preventing chronic disease* (but working towards that)

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4
Q

What does DRI stand for?

A

Dietary Reference Intakes

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5
Q

True/False: a person consuming LESS than the AI for a nutrient is most likely deficient

A

False: cannot establish risk level for intake below AI, as data is insufficient - cannot conclude that there is deficiency. (but AI and above is almost certain to be sufficient)

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6
Q

The RDA is calculated as ___ above the EAR, or ___ of the EAR if ___.

A

2SD, 120%, population SD unknown

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7
Q

The DRIs were a collaboration of ___ and were established by:

A

A collaboration between USDA, health Canada, NIH, US Academy of Sciences

Standing Committee for the DRIs

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8
Q

True/False: RDA values are higher than EAR

A

true

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9
Q

If the population consumed a nutrient at the EAR level, ___ % would have a deficiency.

A

50%

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10
Q

EAR stands for:

A

Estimated Average Requirement

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11
Q

True/False: RDA stands for Recommended Daily Allowance

A

False: Recommended Dietary Allowance

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12
Q

What is used as a recommendation if no EAR data exists?

A

AI

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13
Q

True/False: All nutrients with a RDA also have an EAR

A

True; EAR is needed in order to calculate the RDA

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14
Q

What are the branches of the Standing Committee for the DRIs?

A

UL Subcommittee
Nutrient Expert Panels (7)
Use of the DRIs Subcommittee

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15
Q

The calculation methods of EAR and RDA are only applicable for what type of distribution?

A

Gaussian/Normal

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16
Q

What is the defining characteristic of a normal distribution?

A

bell-curve shape: mean=media=mode

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17
Q

What are the 7 nutrition expert panels of the SC for the DRIs?

A
  1. Ca, P, F, Mg, and vit D
  2. Folate, B12, Choline, and other B vitamins
  3. Antioxidants & related nutrients
  4. Trace elements
  5. Electrolytes
  6. Energy & Macronutrients
  7. Other Components
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18
Q

Why has UL determination become more relevant in recent years?

A

Increased fortification/supplementation of nutrients

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19
Q

What periods in life show rapid changes in nutrient requirements? Why?

A

Pregnancy, infancy to adolescence

periods of growth and development -> changing needs

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20
Q

True/False: If you consume a nutrient at the level of the RDA, you are GUARANTEED to be eating sufficient levels.

A

False; still a 2.5% chance of deficiency due to individual variations

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21
Q

At what point below the RDA can you conclude that the person is likely deficient?

A

below 2/3rds of the RDA is the cut-off point. The lower the intake below the RDA, the higher the risk of deficiency.

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22
Q

What are the general recommendations for fat intake?

A

Should be less than 30% of energy, with less than 10% as saturated fat.

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23
Q

Why should you limit caffeine consumption?

A

Increases risk of osteoporosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease.

24
Q

What is the difference between EAR and RDA?

A

RDA is calculated from EAR (EAR + 2SD)

25
Q

If the population consumed a nutrient at the RDA level, ___% would be deficient

A

2.5

26
Q

Why do we set the RDA at a level that is adequate or above for only 97.5% of the population (leaving out 2.5%)?

A

Increasing the RDA further would lead to larger excesses for the majority of the population without decreasing the % of potential deficiences by much.

27
Q

What is the role of the UL subcommittee?

A

To use toxicology studies and risk assessment to determine HIGHEST level of NO ADVERSE EFFECT

28
Q

What age group does not have RDA values?

A

0-1 yrs (infancy)

29
Q

What are AI values based on?

A

observations made on healthy populations

or experimental studies

30
Q

True/False: For groups, the RDA is used as a recommendation.

A

False: the EAR is used as the recommendation for groups; the RDA is used for INDIVIDUALS

31
Q

True/False: a nutrient has ONE specific criteria used to determine RDA for all subgroups of the population

A

False; some nutrients have different criteria for gender/life stage (ex: Ca)

32
Q

True/False: consuming a nutrient at the UL level is likely to be harmful.

A

False: UL is the highest level of no adverse effect. However, it is the LIMIT, not the recommended intake.

33
Q

How are energy recommendations different from other nutrients?

A

There is no RDA calculated from EAR. Recommendations are made on an individual basis, depending on physiological factors (height, weight, gender) and activity level

34
Q

what are the criteria for adequate energy intake?

A

Healthy BMI and healthy level of physical activity

35
Q

What is the difference between the current RDAs and the previous recommendations?

A

Old RDA and RNIs were created from judgement based safety factors.
Current RDAs are calculated quantitatively using population data (EAR)

36
Q

True/False: The EAR is the AVERAGE intake of a population

A

False: The EAR is based on DISTRIBUTION, not the average, and represents the adequate amount for half the population.
*In a normal distribution, this coincides with the average.

37
Q

RDAs must account for differences due to:

A
  1. individual variation
  2. bioavailability
  3. sex/age
  4. Physiological state
38
Q

Valid experimental studies used for determining some EARs include:

A
  1. Deficiency states
  2. Balance studies
  3. Animal research
39
Q

Steps for setting the RDAs:

A
  1. determine EAR for each subgroup
  2. SAFETY FACTOR for optimal tissue stores
  3. Factor in needs for additional growth (pregnancy/lactation)
  4. Factor in Bioavailability
  5. Adjust for individual variation: add 2SD
40
Q

What are the main goals in current revisions with the RDAs?

A
  • Include chronic disease prevention in addition to deficiency disease prevention
  • More research done on micronutrient RDAs (possible contribution to chronic disease prevention)
  • Establish UL for nutrients (supplementation increasing)
  • Consider nonessential components (phytochemicals, antioxidants, prebiotics)
41
Q

Why do energy recommendations not have an RDA?

A

Risk of overconsumption for most of population -> increased rate of obesity

42
Q

True/False: If the mean intake of a group is above the EAR level, then there is no concern about deficiency.

A

False. It depends on the DISTRIBUTION of the group; a large % may actually still be below the EAR if there is a wide distribution.

43
Q

What does a wide distribution signify?

A

Greater variation among a population, greater SD and CV values.

44
Q

Why was the word “daily” dropped from recommendations?

A

It gave the impression that you must meet a certain “goal” for each day;
in reality you need an OVERALL adequate amount (body can compensate for higher/lower consumption from day to day)

45
Q

True/False: If there is no UL for a nutrient, excess consumption will not cause any harm.

A

False. No UL means that such studies have not yet been done.

46
Q

How do you determine the target mean for a group?

A

compare with EAR:

Target mean = EAR/[1-2*(intake CV)]

47
Q

What is the role of the Use of the DRIs Subcommittee?

A

Application of DRIs to make recommendations for general public in the form of Dietary Guidelines, nutrition education, etc.

48
Q

True/False: Dietary guidelines are not exact quantitative recommendations.

A

True. Dietary guidelines may offer semi-quantitative advice (certain number of servings per day) or make general recommendations (more fruits/vegs/whole grains)

49
Q

What are some concerns with lowering the fat intake values for the population?

A
  • EFA deficiencies (especially risky for children)
  • shift in food types (less animal foods) -> less protein, affects bioavailability of minerals
  • RDAs would need to be recalculated to account for shifted diets
50
Q

True/False: a VARIED diet is best for obtaining all essential nutrients.

A

True

51
Q

Focuses of the nutrition recommendations include:

A
  1. sufficient energy to maintain body weight (and adjusting intake to match activity level)
  2. Essential nutrients in correct amounts (varied diet is best)
  3. lower fat intake (especially saturated)
52
Q

Differences between Dietary Guidelines and RDAs:

A
  1. Guidelines target overall behaviour of population rather than nutrient amounts
  2. Target every man/woman/child (universal)
  3. Guidelines focus on macronutrients, use more statistical data on population consumption
53
Q

What should be the major source of energy in the diet?

A

Carbohydrates, especially whole grains, fruit, and vegetables.

54
Q

Why is excessive alcohol consumption a concern?

A
  • displaces other nutrients in the diet
  • risk of cancer/heart disease/liver disease/osteoporosis
  • can affect absorption of some nutrients
55
Q

What are the focuses of the Canada Food Guide revision?

A

nutrient targets, energy levels, food groups, serving sizes

nutrition thru life (15 decks)

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