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nutrition thru life > energy/macronutrients (pregnancy) > Flashcards

energy/macronutrients (pregnancy) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest predictor of BEE?

A

Fat Free Mass

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2
Q

What FFM component increase in pregnancy is the least energy requiring?

A

Blood volume increase

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3
Q

The overall energy requirements during pregnancy are _____ due to an increase in _____ .

A

increased; BEE/basal metabolic rate

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4
Q

Why does BEE increase during pregancy?

A

metabolic contribution of fetus + uterus

Increased work of heart and lungs

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5
Q

What FFM increase causes the greatest increase in BEE?

A

fetal/uterine tissue

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6
Q

What FFM increase causes a moderate energy requirement increase?

A

increase in skeletal muscle mass

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7
Q

Why would fat mass not contribute significantly to BEE?

A

Fat is not metabolically active tissue

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8
Q

Where is the most protein deposited in pregnancy?

A

Fetus

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9
Q

Why would more energy/protein be needed during growth?

A
  • More energy/protein needed for synthesis, need protein to deposit
  • Need more energy/protein to MAINTAIN additional tissue
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10
Q

Where is most of the fat gain deposited during pregnancy? What stage does this occur?

A

Maternal stores; anabolic phase

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11
Q

Does PAL increase/decrease as pregnancy progresses? Why?

A

Decrease

  • pregnant women may be less active
  • increase in BEE without much change in TEE (so overall ratio, PAL, will decrease)
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12
Q

How should weight gain during pregnancy for an underweight woman and an obese woman differ?

A

Underweight women should gain more.

Obese women should gain much less

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13
Q

Overall how many extra kcal are needed for pregnancy?

A

about 40 000 kcal (180kcal/day)

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14
Q

Why are the calorie values for fat and protein gain greater than 4cal and 9cal/g for the mass of fat and protein gain during pregnancy?

A

Not 100% conversion into fat and protein mass; some catabolized for energy

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15
Q

True/False: Pregnancy in any trimester has a higher energy requirement than a non pregnant woman.

A

False; no increase in energy needed for first trimester

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16
Q

How much does the TEE increase in pregnancy?

A

About 8kcal per week

17
Q

True/False; The RDA for protein in pregnancy is an additional 25g/day for the second and third trimesters

A

False: The RDA applies for the entire pregnancy to account for overall protein needed

18
Q

Why do protein needs vary in each trimester?

A

Different rates of growth

Need to maintain protein accretion that has accumulated

19
Q

How is pregnancy EER calculated?

A

normal EER + change in TEE (over the weeks) + energy deposition

20
Q

How can protein consumption affect birth weight of infants (what increases/decreases risk of LBW)?

A

consumption of animal protein/dairy daily decreases risk of LBW
Poor protein/energy nutrition prior to pregnancy increases risk

21
Q

The fetus will take essential fatty acids either from the mother’s ____ or _____.

A

diet; tissues

22
Q

How might pregnancy outcomes be improved in areas of poverty?

A

protein and energy supplementation in the pre-pregnancy period (5-7 months prior) in addition to proper nutrition during pregnancy

23
Q

Why might a vegetarian diet be problematic during pregnancy?

A

Higher ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 (plant oils); less DHA synthesis due to competition for desaturase enzyme
Higher arachidonic acid (inflammatory), lower DHA (possible risk for brain dev)

24
Q

What is mead acid, and what do high levels in infants signify?

A

omega-9

deficiency of omega 3 and 6

25
Q

True/False: the fetal brain is solely dependent on glucose.

A

False: uses 70% glucose as fuel, also uses keto-acids

26
Q

Why is insulin resistance in the mother a necessary adaptation? What causes it?

A

Prevents too much uptake of glucose by the mother, so that it can be given to fetus
Allows for catabolism of fat and protein for energy
Caused by blunting action of hormones (progesterone)

27
Q

maternal fasting blood glucose during pregnancy will _____.

A

Decrease

28
Q

For what purposes are extra carbohydrates required in early pregnancy?

A

To establish placenta-fetal unit, early growth

To establish stores (fat) for later in pregnancy

29
Q

What is glucose use for in the fetus?

A

All of it is used by the brain

30
Q

How much glucose can the mother transfer to the fetus per day? Is this sufficient for all the brain’s requirements?

A

17-26g

No; only 70%

31
Q

For what purposes are extra carbs needed in late pregnancy?

A

Energy to sustain fetal growth

32
Q

The RDA for carbohydrates is (increased/decreased) in the last trimester to _____.

A

increased; ensure the fetal brain has enough glucose (33g/day) w/out using ketoacids

33
Q

Is there increased need for fibre or water during pregnancy?

A

No

nutrition thru life (15 decks)

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