energy/macronutrients (pregnancy) Flashcards
What is the largest predictor of BEE?
Fat Free Mass
What FFM component increase in pregnancy is the least energy requiring?
Blood volume increase
The overall energy requirements during pregnancy are _____ due to an increase in _____ .
increased; BEE/basal metabolic rate
Why does BEE increase during pregancy?
metabolic contribution of fetus + uterus
Increased work of heart and lungs
What FFM increase causes the greatest increase in BEE?
fetal/uterine tissue
What FFM increase causes a moderate energy requirement increase?
increase in skeletal muscle mass
Why would fat mass not contribute significantly to BEE?
Fat is not metabolically active tissue
Where is the most protein deposited in pregnancy?
Fetus
Why would more energy/protein be needed during growth?
- More energy/protein needed for synthesis, need protein to deposit
- Need more energy/protein to MAINTAIN additional tissue
Where is most of the fat gain deposited during pregnancy? What stage does this occur?
Maternal stores; anabolic phase
Does PAL increase/decrease as pregnancy progresses? Why?
Decrease
- pregnant women may be less active
- increase in BEE without much change in TEE (so overall ratio, PAL, will decrease)
How should weight gain during pregnancy for an underweight woman and an obese woman differ?
Underweight women should gain more.
Obese women should gain much less
Overall how many extra kcal are needed for pregnancy?
about 40 000 kcal (180kcal/day)
Why are the calorie values for fat and protein gain greater than 4cal and 9cal/g for the mass of fat and protein gain during pregnancy?
Not 100% conversion into fat and protein mass; some catabolized for energy
True/False: Pregnancy in any trimester has a higher energy requirement than a non pregnant woman.
False; no increase in energy needed for first trimester
How much does the TEE increase in pregnancy?
About 8kcal per week
True/False; The RDA for protein in pregnancy is an additional 25g/day for the second and third trimesters
False: The RDA applies for the entire pregnancy to account for overall protein needed
Why do protein needs vary in each trimester?
Different rates of growth
Need to maintain protein accretion that has accumulated
How is pregnancy EER calculated?
normal EER + change in TEE (over the weeks) + energy deposition
How can protein consumption affect birth weight of infants (what increases/decreases risk of LBW)?
consumption of animal protein/dairy daily decreases risk of LBW
Poor protein/energy nutrition prior to pregnancy increases risk
The fetus will take essential fatty acids either from the mother’s ____ or _____.
diet; tissues
How might pregnancy outcomes be improved in areas of poverty?
protein and energy supplementation in the pre-pregnancy period (5-7 months prior) in addition to proper nutrition during pregnancy
Why might a vegetarian diet be problematic during pregnancy?
Higher ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 (plant oils); less DHA synthesis due to competition for desaturase enzyme
Higher arachidonic acid (inflammatory), lower DHA (possible risk for brain dev)
What is mead acid, and what do high levels in infants signify?
omega-9
deficiency of omega 3 and 6
