Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

list an average newborn’s weight and height

Answer 1

7.5 pounds, 20 inches

Question 2

list an average end-of-year-one’s weight and height

Answer 2

triples from birth to 22 pounds, 32 inches long (50% greater than birth)

Question 3

list an average end-of-year-two’s weight and height

Answer 3

quadruples from birth weight to 30 pounds, 36 inches (75% greater than at birth)

Question 4

describe how big the head is when developing in the womb

Answer 4

makes up to about 50% of entire length

Question 5

at birth, the head makes up … and by age 25, it comprises about …

Answer 5

25% of our length, 20% of our length

Question 6

we are born with most of the … we will ever have. (list the amount)

Answer 6

brain cells (85 billion neurons)

Question 7

what is the function of a neuron?

Answer 7

store and transmit information

Question 8

by age two, a single neuron might have …

Answer 8

thousands of dendrites

Question 9

define synaptogenesis

Answer 9

the formation of connections between neurons

Question 10

weight of brain at birth

Answer 10

250 grams

Question 11

weight of brain by one year

Answer 11

750 grams

Question 12

the frontal lobe is responsible primarily for …

Answer 12

thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

Question 13

the parietal lobe, which extends from the … and which is responsible primarily for …

Answer 13

middle to the back of the skull, processing information about touch

Question 14

the occipital lobe processes …

Answer 14

visual information

Question 15

the temporal lobe is responsible for …

Answer 15

hearing and language

Question 16

lateralization is the process in which …

Answer 16

different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain

Question 17

list three things that are associated with the left hemisphere

Answer 17

sequential, analytical processing, verbal communication and positive emotion

Question 18

list three things that re associated with the right hemisphere

Answer 18

holistic, integrative processing, making sense of spatial information and regulating negative emotion

Question 19

a newborn typically sleeps …. per … period

Answer 19

approximately 16.5 hours, 24-hour period

Question 20

the infant is averaging __ hours by one month, and __ by 6 months (per 24 hours)

Answer 20

15 hours, 14 hours

Question 21

the average newborn will spend close to __% of the sleep time in the ___ phase, which decreases to __% - __% in childhood

Answer 21

50%, REM, 25% - 30%

Question 22

list the three commonly reported types of “Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths”

Answer 22

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), unknown cause and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed

Question 23

SIDS is identified when …

Answer 23

the death of a healthy infant occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, and medical and forensic investigative findings are inconclusive

Question 24

list the percentages of SUID cases

Answer 24

SIDS- 38%, unknown cause- 36% accidental suffocation- 26%

Question 25

list the seven reflexes in newborns/infants

Answer 25

sucking, rooting, grasp, babinski, moro, tonic neck and stepping

Question 26

motor skills refer to …

Answer 26

our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

Question 27

fine motor skills focus on …

Answer 27

the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions

Question 28

gross motor skills focus on …

Answer 28

large muscle groups that control our head, torso, arms and legs and involve larger movements

Question 29

vision milestone: 3-4 weeks

Answer 29

sensitivity to motion

Question 30

vision milestone: 2-3 months

Answer 30

sensitivity to binocular depth

Question 31

vision milestone: 5-7 months

Answer 31

sensitivity to pictorial depth

Question 32

binocular vs. pictorial depth

Answer 32

both eyes, one eye (relies on relative size and linear+aerial perspectives)

Question 33

milestones in facial perception: newborn

Answer 33

prefers simplified drawing of faces with naturally arranged features, with eyes open and a direct gaze

Question 34

milestones in facial perception: 2 months

Answer 34

prefers complex facial patterns to other complex stimulus arrangements, and mother’s detailed facial features to another woman’s

Question 35

milestones in facial perception: 3 months

Answer 35

makes fine distinctions among the features of different, moderately similar faces

Question 36

milestones in facial perception: 5 months

Answer 36

perceives emotional expressions as meaningful wholes

Question 37

milestones in facial perception: 7 months

Answer 37

discriminates among a wider range of facial expressions (e.g. happiness, surprise, anger)

Question 38

developments in hearing: 4-7 months

Answer 38

sense of musical phrasing

Question 39

developments in hearing: 6-7 months

Answer 39

distinguishes musical tones based on variations in rhythmic patterns

Question 40

developments in hearing: 6-8 months

Answer 40

“screens out” sounds not used in native language

Question 41

developments in hearing: 6-12 months

Answer 41

detects sound regularities in human speech

Question 42

developments in hearing: 7-9 months

Answer 42

begins to divide speech stream into word-like units

Question 43

in 2017-18, ___ households in Canada were food insecure, amounting to ____, including ____ children living in food-insecure households

Answer 43

1 in 8, 4,4 million, 1.2 million