EC: Children's Understanding of the World

Question 1

both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that … referred to as …

Answer 1

children actively try to understand the world around them

Question 2

Piaget is identified as a _______ constructivist, which focuses on …

Answer 2

cognitive constructivist, independent learning

Question 3

Vygotsky is a _____ constructivist relying on …

Answer 3

social constructivist relying on social interactions for learning

Question 4

theory-theory is the tendency of children to …

Answer 4

generate theories to explain everything they encounter

Question 5

what does the Theory-Theory concept imply?

Answer 5

humans are naturally inclined to find reasons and generate explanations for why things occur

Question 6

theory of mind refers to …

Answer 6

the ability to think about other people’s thoughts

Question 7

theory of mind: describe “diverse-desires”

Answer 7

understanding that two people may have different desires regarding the same object

Question 8

theory of mind: describe “diverse-beliefs”

Answer 8

understanding that two people may hold different beliefs about an object

Question 9

theory of mind: describe “knowledge access” (knowledge/ignorance)

Answer 9

understanding that people may or may not have access to information

Question 10

theory of mind: describe “false belief”

Answer 10

understanding that someone might hold a belief based on false information

Question 11

list the four stages of language development

Answer 11

vocabulary, grammar, conversation and supporting language development

Question 12

Vocabulary development: age 2-6 word acquisition,

Answer 12

age 2- 250 words, age 6- 10,000 words (five new words daily)

Question 13

what is fast mapping and when does it occur?

Answer 13

learning object names, verbs and modifiers. occurs in vocabulary development

Question 14

Vocabulary development: what cues are there to learn language at this stage?

Answer 14

perceptual, social and linguistic

Question 15

Gramatical Development: ages and two basic rules

Answer 15

ages 2-3. Simple subject-verb-object word order
small changes to express meanings flexibility (-ing, -s)

Question 16

what is “over-regularization” and when does it occur?

Answer 16

overextend rules to exceptions. happens when learning grammar

Question 17

Gramatical Development: describe “complex structures”

Answer 17

question asking, subject-verb agreement, passive voice, embedded sentences, indirect objects

Question 18

Converstation: define pragmatics

Answer 18

effective and appropriate communication

Question 19

Conversation: age 2 skill

Answer 19

skilled face-to-face interaction and turn taking

Question 20

Conversation: age 3 skill

Answer 20

infers speaker’s intention, indirectly expressed

Question 21

Converstation: age 4 skill

Answer 21

adjust speech to fit listener age, sex, status

Question 22

Conversation: ages 4-8 skills

Answer 22

converses and gives direction on the phone, gradually overcoming lack of conversational aids

Question 23

list one way to support early childhood language development

Answer 23

have conversations with adults to stimulate the child to talk and promote correct word usage

Question 24

Supporting early childhood language: recasts

Answer 24

restructuring inaccurate speech or correct grammatical form

Question 25

Supporting early childhood language: expansions

Answer 25

elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its grammatical complexity