infancy

Question 1

describe pruning

Answer 1

infants have a high number of synapses at birth, through interaction with environment some synaspes are strengthen (if used) and others are removed (if unused) by process of pruning

Question 2

what is meant by”critical periods”

Answer 2

infant must have certain experiences in a certain window of time in order to develop properly

Question 3

describe head size of an infant, 2 yo, 5 yo compared to an adult

Answer 3

infant- 25%
2 yo- 75%
5 yo- 90%

Question 4

babies prefer to look at -

Answer 4

faces, especially their mother

Question 5

when do babies develop depth perception?

Answer 5

around 6 mo, when they being to crawl

Question 6

describe the relation between how primitive reflexes extinguish and how motor skills develop

Answer 6

primitive reflexes extinguish top down, in the same way that motor skills develop

Question 7

hands to midline

Answer 7

4 mo

Question 8

sits without support

Answer 8

6 mo

Question 9

passes toy from one hand to the other

Answer 9

6 mo

Question 10

pulls self to stand

Answer 10

8-9 mo

Question 11

pincer grasp

Answer 11

10 mo

Question 12

walks

Answer 12

12-13 mo

Question 13

social smile

Answer 13

2 mo

Question 14

stranger anxiety

Answer 14

6 mo

Question 15

separation anxiety

Answer 15

9 mo

Question 16

object permanence

Answer 16

6-9 mo

Question 17

first words

Answer 17

12 mo

Question 18

piaget stage in infancy

Answer 18

sensorimotor

Question 19

freud stage in infancy

Answer 19

oral

Question 20

erikson stage in infancy

Answer 20

trust vs mistust

resolution: attachment and bonding

Question 21

describe piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 21

infants develop understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (visual, hearing), with motor interactions (touching, sucking)

Question 22

describe freud’s oral stage/successful resolution

Answer 22

oral stage- infant’s regulate tension by placing things in the mouth, successful resolution leads to development of relationships without too much dependence on others later in life

Question 23

why will children imitate adults?

Answer 23

use mirror neurons gives infants new ideas about how to interact with their environment and leads to increased motor control, development of empathy and development of autonomy

Question 24

positive parent/newborn interactions

Answer 24

parent- holds, soothes infant

positive response- signals needs to parent, responds to attempts to soothe

Question 25

positive parent/4 mo interactions

Answer 25

parent- plays with child, describes behaviors

positive response: recognizes parent, happy to play with them, well nourished

Question 26

positive parent/12 mo interactions

Answer 26

parent- plays with child, reads to child, sets limits, interprets childs expressions through actions and verbalization
positive response: child explores but checks with parent about safety, responds to name, shares toys with adult

Question 27

describe attachment

Answer 27

emotional bond between infant and caregiver, infant will show greeting responses, cry when separated from and cling to caregiver

Question 28

potential causes for disrupted attachment

Answer 28

separation from parent, lack of quality care, abuse

Question 29

Reactive attachment disorder (2 types)

Answer 29

inhibited- failure to initiate or respond appropriately in social situations
disinhibited- lack of selectivity, will try to form attachments with everyone

Question 30

what is the “strange-situation”?

Answer 30

experiment that sought to assess parent-child attachment by evaluating the child reactions to separation and reunion

Question 31

name the “types” for strange-situation

Answer 31

type A- anxious/avoidant
type B- secure
type C- anxious/resistant
type D- disorganized

Question 32

describe type A

Answer 32

anxious/avoidant
separation- no distress/protest
reunion- avoids caregiver

Question 33

describe type B

Answer 33

secure
separation- protests, not comforted by unfamiliar people
reunion- comforted by the caregiver, seeks physical contact

Question 34

describe type C

Answer 34

anxious/resistant
separation- distress upon caregiver leaving
reunion- seeks contact, but displays anger toward caregiver, not fully comforted

Question 35

describe type D

Answer 35

child has inconsistent response

82% of maltreated infants fall in this category