INFANCY Flashcards
Characteristic of height and weight
height - 2.5cm/month
weight - 28grams/day
doubles @ 4 months, triples @ 1 year
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth patterns
Cephalocaudal - head grows mostly in early infancy and the growth slowly descends to the trunk
Proximodistal pattern - growth starts at the center of the body and then moves towards the extremities
Motor development
-turning from stomach to back 3-4 months
- sitting by 6-7 months
- by 8, sit without support
- by 10 can go from prone to sit
- walking at 1, may hold furniture
FINE MOTOR SKILLS
-grasping more of reflex then becomes voluntary 8 to 9 month
Nutritional requirements
First Six Months
- Human milk is the most desirable complete diet
- Vitamin D 400U suggested in Canada
- Iron supplements about 4 to 6 months
- Formula is an alternative
- Solid food before 4 to 6 months is not recommended
- Feeding solids to young infants exposes them to food antigens that may produce food-protein allergies
- Developmentally, infants are not ready for solid foods related extrusion reflex and immature kidneys and G.I tract
Second Six Months
- Human milk or formula continues to be the primary source of nutrition
- G.I tract has matured enough to handle more complex nutrients and is less sensitive to potentially allergenic food
- Tooth eruption
- Head control
- Voluntary grasping and improved eye-hand coordination
- iron fortified infant cereal (rice) introduced first. The addition of other food is arbitrary. A common sequence is strained fruits/veggies followed by meats and eggs
- introduce foods one at a time with about 5 days in between
Sensory and perceptual
Sensory: occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors – eye, ear, tongue, nostril, and skin
Perception: is the interpretation of what is sensed
Visual Perception
- acuity (legally blind when born to 1 year old)
- color (able to distinguish between colours)
- visual preference
Hearing
-let them hear. They do hear in utero
Touch and Pain
-feels pain.
Smells
-do smell. Especially their mom
Intermodal Perception*
-is the ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities eg. Vision and hearing
Piaget’s sensory motor stage
Sensorimotor Stage
-Basically, infants progresses to the point where they are able to organize and coordinate sensations with physical movement and actions
Object Permanence
-Infant understand that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be see, heard or touched
Information processing
Habituation
o Repeated presentation of the same stimulus, which causes reduced attention to the stimulus
Dishabituation
o An infant’s renewed interest in a stimulus
o
Imitation
o Controversial at this point. Can imitate facial expressions within 72 hours of birth
Memory
o Hard to asses
o before age 3 may be referred as infant amnesia
Language
o in humans, it is characterized by infinite generatively and rule systems
o Infinite Generatively – using a finite set of words and rules to generate an infinite number of sentences
o Holophrase Hypothesis –a single word can be used to imply a complete sentence
Language development
Biological Influences
Behaviour and Environmental Factors
- Parentese (motherese)
- Recasting
- echoing
- expanding
- labeling
How Language Develops
- 3-6 months begins babbling and cooing to attract attention
- understands – 300 words @ 2 years
- speaks first word – 13 months with about 200 to 275 words @ 2 years
telegraphic speech – short precise words
Expression of emotions
Crying
o basic, angry and pain -> parents can distinguish
Smiles
o reflexive
o social
Stranger Anxiety:
o starts about 6 months and escalates
Separation Anxiety
o Stage 1 (protest)
cries, exhibits, grieving and confusion
tries to follow parents
o Stage 2 (Despair)
deep mourning, hopeless
appears to be happier, easier to manage
if parents return, child goes back to protesting
o Stage 3 (Denial/detach)
absence for several weeks/month
willing to accept care, eat, play
if parents return, child will ignore them
Thomas and Chess’s classification of temperament
Thomas and Chess’s Temperament Types
• Easy babies: 40% of infants; adjust easily to
new situations, quickly establish routines, are
generally cheerful and easy to calm.
• Difficult babies: 10% of infants; slow to
adjust to new experiences, likely to react
negatively and intensely to stimuli and events.
• Slow-to-warm-up babies: 15% of infants;
somewhat difficult at first but become easier
over time.
Erikson’s stage
Trust vs. Mistrust – Erikson (1st year)
o Gains trust when cared for in a consistent warm manner
Reciprocal socialization
Reciprocal Socialization
- socialization is both ways between parents and infants
Scaffolding – a type of reciprocal socialization
- parents help and encourage the child’s efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they relied only on their own abilities
- a take turn experience (peek a boo)
