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N104 > infancy > Flashcards

infancy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the age range that falls under infancy?

A

birth to 24 months

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2
Q

describe the cephalocaudal pattern of growth in infants

A

head grows mostly in early infancy and growth slowly descends to the trunk

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3
Q

How does the infants brain at birth and at 24 months compare to the size of an adult brain?

A

at birth 25%

24 months 75%

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4
Q

Describe the proximodistal pattern.

A

growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities

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5
Q

What is the rate of height growth in an infant?

A

2.5 cm (1”) /month

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6
Q

What is the rate of weight gain per day in an infant?

A

28g/day

doubled at 4 months
almost tripled at 1 yr

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7
Q

how does the weight and height of an infant compare to the weight of an adult at 2 yrs?

A

1/5 adult weight

1/2 adult height

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8
Q

What might you suggest if a 3 month old wakes during night?

A

make sure it is fed, changed, dry, warm/cool, keep in bed (don’t let play), touch to let them know you are there

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9
Q

What is SIDS?

A

sudden infant death syndrome

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10
Q

What are some risk factors for SIDS?

A
  • low birth weight
  • twins and triplets
  • infants whose siblings have died of SIDS
  • infants with sleep apnea
  • African American and inuit backgrounds
  • low socioeconomic status
  • passive exposure to cigarette smoke
  • soft bedding
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11
Q

Describe the nutritional needs of the infant in the first 6 months

A

human milk most desirable, formula is an alternative

recommended to give vitamin D

4-6 months introduce iron

solid foods before 4-6 mo is not recommended.

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12
Q

What can happen if solids are fed to infants in the first 6 months?

A

development of food allergies

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13
Q

What is extrusion?

A

the infants reflex to push food out of the mouth before 6 months old

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14
Q

What is intrusion?

A

the infants reflex to push food back into the esophagus after 6 months

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15
Q

Describe the nutritional needs of an infant after 6 months.

A

human milk or formula continues to be primary nutrition

iron fortified infant cereal first, then strained fruits/veggies followed by meats and eggs

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16
Q

What developments help infants to process solid foods?

A

GI tract has matured and can handle complex nutrients and is less sensitive to allergens

tooth eruption

head control

voluntary grasping and improved hand eye

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17
Q

How should foods be introduced?

A

one at a time with about 5 days in between to allow detection and cause if there is a reaction

iron fortified cereal, fruits/veggies, then meats and eggs

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18
Q

How do motor skills develop regarding head control?

A

full term newborns can temporarily hold head at midline

by 3 months: have control over holding their head

Head lag should go away by 4 months old

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19
Q

When can an infant roll from abdomen to back?

A

3-4 months

20
Q

When can an infant roll from back to abdomen?

A

6 months

21
Q

describe how sitting skills develop in an infant.

A

6-7 months: can sit alone, leaning forward on their hands for support

8 months: can sit well while unsupported and begin to explore surroundings

10 months: can maneuver from prone to a sitting position

22
Q

Describe how locomotion is developed.

A

cephalocaudal pattern

4-6 months have increasing coord of arms

6-7 months: bear all their weight on legs with assistance

7-8 months: stand by holding furniture to pull up and only able to fall down

10-11 months: can walk while holding furniture

1 yr may be walking

23
Q

describe how fine motor skills develop in an infant.

A

grasping is a reflex then becomes voluntary

8-9 months: pincher grasp is developed

24
Q

What is sensory development?

A

development of our senses and associations

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors

25
Q

What is perception?

A

the interpretation of what is sensed

26
Q

Describe how infants develop visual perception.

A

acuity:

  • legally blind when born
  • 20/20 when 1 yr

color
- not well known, but can distinguish color

visual preferences

  • react to checker boards, black and whites, shapes, bright colors
  • do not react well to pale colors (pastilles)
27
Q

Describe the infants stage of development regarding hearing.

A
  • will react to different sounds at different times
  • will respond to mother’s voice
  • not overly sensitive to noise
28
Q

How do infants respond to touch and pain?

A
  • will respond to touch by reflex or looking in direction

- can perceive pain (although this was not always believed to be the case)

29
Q

Can infants respond to smell?

A

yes, respond to breast milk

30
Q

Can infants respond to taste?

A

yes, react to things they like or dislike

31
Q

What is intermodal perception?

A

the ability to relate and integrate information about two or more senses

32
Q

What are the two schools of thought on intermodal perception?

A

ECOLOGICAL:
baby can do this right away

PIAGET:
coordinated as child develops it

33
Q

What is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of infant development

A

lasts from newborn to 24 months

basically infants progress to the point where they can organize and coordinate sensations with physical movement and actions

34
Q

What is object permanence?

A

part of Piaget’s theory of infant development

occurs up til about 6-8 months

infant understands that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed

35
Q

What types of learning and remembering are developed at this phase?

A

HABITUATION: repeated exposure to a stimulus reducing attention span

DISHABITUATION: repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the attention span

36
Q

When can a baby imitate a face?

A

not too clear but maybe within 72 hrs of birth

37
Q

What are the 5 interactions that influence how an infant learns language

A

PARENTESE: kind of talk that is often taken on when speaking to babies

RECASTING: rephrasing sentences into questions

ECHOING: repeating what the child said but not in a question

EXPANDING: expanding on what they say in order for them to learn

LABELING: naming objects

38
Q

How does language develop in an infant?

A

3-6 months: babbling/cooing to get attention

at 2 yrs understands about 300 words

speak first words about 13 months

39
Q

What type of speech first develops in infants?

A

telegraphic speach

40
Q

What are the three types of crying that parents can distinguish?

A

basic: want to hear their voice
angry: more expulsion of air
pain: hold their breath and use up oxygen to cry

41
Q

What are the 2 types of smiles?

A

REFLEXIVE: anything can make them smile

SOCIAL: developed 2-3 months

42
Q

What is stranger anxiety and when does it develop?

A

become attached to one or two ppl and do not like being picked up by others

develops about 6 months and escalates

43
Q

What are the 3 stages of separation anxiety?

A

1) PROTEST: crying, grieving, confusion, tries following parents
2) DESPAIR: deep mourning, hopelessness. Appears to be happier, easier to manage. if parents return goes back to protesting
3) DENIAL/DETACHMENT: after weeks/months. Child goes back to normal, if parents return, the child ignores them

44
Q

Explain Thomas and Chess’s theory of temperament

A

three types:

EASY child:

  • pos attitude
  • high activity
  • good routine

DIFFICULT child

  • reacts neg
  • cries a lot
  • poor routine

SLOW TO WARM UP child

  • low activity
  • somewhat neg
  • low ability to adapt
  • lower mood, cautious
45
Q

What are the stages of Erikson’s theories that infants go through?

A

TRUST vs. MISTRUST (1st yr)
- gains trust when cared for in consistent warm manner

AUTONOMY vs SHAME AND DOUBT

  • want infant to feel independent and develop sense of self
  • sense of self develops 18-24 months
46
Q

Explain what reciprocal socialization is.

A

socialization is both ways between parents and infants

SCAFFOLDING: parents help develop skills increasing the rate of learning

N104 (10 decks)

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