infancy Flashcards
What is the age range that falls under infancy?
birth to 24 months
describe the cephalocaudal pattern of growth in infants
head grows mostly in early infancy and growth slowly descends to the trunk
How does the infants brain at birth and at 24 months compare to the size of an adult brain?
at birth 25%
24 months 75%
Describe the proximodistal pattern.
growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities
What is the rate of height growth in an infant?
2.5 cm (1”) /month
What is the rate of weight gain per day in an infant?
28g/day
doubled at 4 months
almost tripled at 1 yr
how does the weight and height of an infant compare to the weight of an adult at 2 yrs?
1/5 adult weight
1/2 adult height
What might you suggest if a 3 month old wakes during night?
make sure it is fed, changed, dry, warm/cool, keep in bed (don’t let play), touch to let them know you are there
What is SIDS?
sudden infant death syndrome
What are some risk factors for SIDS?
- low birth weight
- twins and triplets
- infants whose siblings have died of SIDS
- infants with sleep apnea
- African American and inuit backgrounds
- low socioeconomic status
- passive exposure to cigarette smoke
- soft bedding
Describe the nutritional needs of the infant in the first 6 months
human milk most desirable, formula is an alternative
recommended to give vitamin D
4-6 months introduce iron
solid foods before 4-6 mo is not recommended.
What can happen if solids are fed to infants in the first 6 months?
development of food allergies
What is extrusion?
the infants reflex to push food out of the mouth before 6 months old
What is intrusion?
the infants reflex to push food back into the esophagus after 6 months
Describe the nutritional needs of an infant after 6 months.
human milk or formula continues to be primary nutrition
iron fortified infant cereal first, then strained fruits/veggies followed by meats and eggs
What developments help infants to process solid foods?
GI tract has matured and can handle complex nutrients and is less sensitive to allergens
tooth eruption
head control
voluntary grasping and improved hand eye
How should foods be introduced?
one at a time with about 5 days in between to allow detection and cause if there is a reaction
iron fortified cereal, fruits/veggies, then meats and eggs
How do motor skills develop regarding head control?
full term newborns can temporarily hold head at midline
by 3 months: have control over holding their head
Head lag should go away by 4 months old
When can an infant roll from abdomen to back?
3-4 months
When can an infant roll from back to abdomen?
6 months
describe how sitting skills develop in an infant.
6-7 months: can sit alone, leaning forward on their hands for support
8 months: can sit well while unsupported and begin to explore surroundings
10 months: can maneuver from prone to a sitting position
Describe how locomotion is developed.
cephalocaudal pattern
4-6 months have increasing coord of arms
6-7 months: bear all their weight on legs with assistance
7-8 months: stand by holding furniture to pull up and only able to fall down
10-11 months: can walk while holding furniture
1 yr may be walking
describe how fine motor skills develop in an infant.
grasping is a reflex then becomes voluntary
8-9 months: pincher grasp is developed
What is sensory development?
development of our senses and associations
occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
What is perception?
the interpretation of what is sensed
Describe how infants develop visual perception.
acuity:
- legally blind when born
- 20/20 when 1 yr
color
- not well known, but can distinguish color
visual preferences
- react to checker boards, black and whites, shapes, bright colors
- do not react well to pale colors (pastilles)
Describe the infants stage of development regarding hearing.
- will react to different sounds at different times
- will respond to mother’s voice
- not overly sensitive to noise
How do infants respond to touch and pain?
- will respond to touch by reflex or looking in direction
- can perceive pain (although this was not always believed to be the case)
Can infants respond to smell?
yes, respond to breast milk
Can infants respond to taste?
yes, react to things they like or dislike
What is intermodal perception?
the ability to relate and integrate information about two or more senses
What are the two schools of thought on intermodal perception?
ECOLOGICAL:
baby can do this right away
PIAGET:
coordinated as child develops it
What is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of infant development
lasts from newborn to 24 months
basically infants progress to the point where they can organize and coordinate sensations with physical movement and actions
What is object permanence?
part of Piaget’s theory of infant development
occurs up til about 6-8 months
infant understands that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed
What types of learning and remembering are developed at this phase?
HABITUATION: repeated exposure to a stimulus reducing attention span
DISHABITUATION: repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the attention span
When can a baby imitate a face?
not too clear but maybe within 72 hrs of birth
What are the 5 interactions that influence how an infant learns language
PARENTESE: kind of talk that is often taken on when speaking to babies
RECASTING: rephrasing sentences into questions
ECHOING: repeating what the child said but not in a question
EXPANDING: expanding on what they say in order for them to learn
LABELING: naming objects
How does language develop in an infant?
3-6 months: babbling/cooing to get attention
at 2 yrs understands about 300 words
speak first words about 13 months
What type of speech first develops in infants?
telegraphic speach
What are the three types of crying that parents can distinguish?
basic: want to hear their voice
angry: more expulsion of air
pain: hold their breath and use up oxygen to cry
What are the 2 types of smiles?
REFLEXIVE: anything can make them smile
SOCIAL: developed 2-3 months
What is stranger anxiety and when does it develop?
become attached to one or two ppl and do not like being picked up by others
develops about 6 months and escalates
What are the 3 stages of separation anxiety?
1) PROTEST: crying, grieving, confusion, tries following parents
2) DESPAIR: deep mourning, hopelessness. Appears to be happier, easier to manage. if parents return goes back to protesting
3) DENIAL/DETACHMENT: after weeks/months. Child goes back to normal, if parents return, the child ignores them
Explain Thomas and Chess’s theory of temperament
three types:
EASY child:
- pos attitude
- high activity
- good routine
DIFFICULT child
- reacts neg
- cries a lot
- poor routine
SLOW TO WARM UP child
- low activity
- somewhat neg
- low ability to adapt
- lower mood, cautious
What are the stages of Erikson’s theories that infants go through?
TRUST vs. MISTRUST (1st yr)
- gains trust when cared for in consistent warm manner
AUTONOMY vs SHAME AND DOUBT
- want infant to feel independent and develop sense of self
- sense of self develops 18-24 months
Explain what reciprocal socialization is.
socialization is both ways between parents and infants
SCAFFOLDING: parents help develop skills increasing the rate of learning
