Ineffective tissue perfusion

Question 1

Aneurysm

Causes?

Answer 1

Weaking of an artery wall

mainly aorta but could be cerebral, popliteal, mesenteric, plenic arteries

Question 2

True aneurysm

Answer 2

Affects all 3 vessel layers

Question 3

False aneurysm

Answer 3

Only affects inner layers

Question 4

Exsanguination

Answer 4

Blood spills out of circulatory system

20% survival

Question 5

Dyslipidemia

Definition:

Answer 5

High levels of lipids in the blood, which increases risk for chronic disease

LDLs are bad cholesterol

Question 6

Good cholesterol?

Answer 6

HDLs: High density lipoproteins

Helps remove excess cholesterol

Question 7

Dyslipidemia

Causes:

Answer 7

Primary (genetic)
Secondary (lifestyle)

Question 8

Atherosclerosis

Answer 8

Chronic inflammatory disease triggered by a vessel wall injury and characterized by thickening/ hardening lesions calcifying the arterial wall, causing obstruction.

Question 9

Manifestations of atherosclerosis

Answer 9

Asymptomatic until complications
(gradual: artery is 70% blocked when symptoms are noticed)

Question 10

Treatment of atherosclerosis

Answer 10

• Angioplasty
• Bypass
• Laser procedure
• Atherectomy
• B complex vitamins

Question 11

Peripheral vascular disease

Definition?

Answer 11

Narrowing of peripheral vessels

Question 12

Peripheral vascular disease causes

Answer 12

• Atherosclerosis
• Thrombus
• Inflammation (thromboangitis obliterans aka berger disease)
• Vasospasm (Raynaud’s phenomenon)

Question 13

Peripheral vascular disease manifestations

Answer 13

• Claudication (will see this first)
• thick toenails

Question 14

Coronary artery disease

Definition

Answer 14

Narrowing/ blockage of arteries supplying the myocardium

Question 15

Coronary artery disease
Obstruction

Answer 15

50%+

Question 16

Coronary artery disease
NON-obstructive

Answer 16

<50%

Question 17

Stable angina

Answer 17

Decreases with rest

Question 18

Unstable angina

Answer 18

Constant

Question 19

Prinzmetal angina

Answer 19

Vasospasm
Enough to cause chest pain

Question 20

Silent

Answer 20

Asymptomatic
Diabetes/ neuropathy

Question 21

Diagnosis of CAD

Answer 21

Troponin! Biomarker
Cardiac specific: if noted, indicates heart issue

Question 22

Thrombus emboli

Answer 22

Blot clot composed of platelets, fibrin, erythrocytes, leukocytes

Question 23

Embolus

Answer 23

portion or all of thrombus breaks loose, travels, and embeds in a smaller vessel

Question 24

Virchow Triad

Answer 24

Endothelial injury/ circulatory stasis/ hypercoagulable state
Clot formation

Question 25

Venous thrombus

Answer 25

Pulse: present Skin color: rubor Skin temp: warm Edema: present

Question 26

Arterial thrombus

Answer 26

Pulse: weak or absent Skin color: cyanotic Skin temp: cool Edema: minimal or absent

Question 27

Varicose veins

Answer 27

Dialated toruous, engorged veins that develop because of improper venous valve function (varicosities)

Question 28

Cause of varicose veins

Answer 28

Venous pressure and blood pooling cause veins to enlarge and become incompetent

Question 29

Manifestation of varicose veins

Answer 29

Irregular purplish bulging veins Pedal edema Shiny hairless legs Skin ulcer

Question 30

Lymphedema

Answer 30

Swelling in arms and legs because of lymph obstruction

Question 31

Causes of lymphedema

Answer 31

Primary: congenital absence/ decreased number of lymphatics Secondary: surgery, ratiation, cancer, infection, injury

Question 32

Manifestations of lymphedema

Answer 32

Elephant skin

Question 33

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 33

Death of myocardium from a sudden blockage of coronary artery blood flow

Question 34

Causes of MI

Answer 34

Atherosclerosis: plaque build in inner walls Thrombus: clot in vascular system Vasospasm: constriction

Question 35

Manifestations of MI

Answer 35

Unstable angina Elevation in troponin

Question 36

How do women with MI present?

Answer 36

backpain indigestion blockage in smaller arteries

Question 37

What is the importance of left coronary artery

Answer 37

left main widow maker every else below stops: no outward blood movement

Question 38

Hypertension

Answer 38

Silent killer Prolonged elevation in blood pressure: creates excessive cardiac workload due to vasoconstriction, increasing afterload

Question 39

Primary hypertension

Answer 39

Essential: most common, develops gradually (insidious)

Question 40

Secondary hypertension

Answer 40

Sudden and severe, has an underlying cause

Question 41

Pregnancy induced hypertension

Answer 41

High BP, protenuria, edema

Question 42

Malignant hypertension

Answer 42

Very intense and nonresponsive 270/140 Tumor on adrenal catecholamines