Decreased cardiac output

Question 1

Decreased cardiac output

Answer 1

Amount of blood being pumped by the heart is less than normal

Fatigue, oliguria, cyanosis, fluid accumulation, decreased peripheral pulses

Question 2

Pericarditis

Answer 2

Inflammation of pericardium

Question 3

Causes of pericarditis

Answer 3

Viral infection
Thoracic trauma
Myocardial infarction
TB
malignancy
Autoimmune conditions

Question 4

Pericardial effusion

Answer 4

Fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

Swollen tissue creates friction

Question 5

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 5

Life threatening cardiac compression from fluid accumulation

Heart cannot fill or contract

Sudden, acute, or insidious

Question 6

Beck’s Triad

Answer 6

Low BP/ JVD/ muffled heart sounds

Question 7

Constrictive pericarditis

Answer 7

Loss of elasticity from chronic inflammation

Pericardial sack sticks to the heart

Question 8

Manifestations of pericarditis

Pericardial friction rub

Answer 8

Grating sound heard when holding breath

Question 9

Treatment of pericarditis

Pericardiocentesis

Answer 9

Needle through chest to pop pericardial effusion sack

Question 10

pericardiectomy

Answer 10

Window is cut to prevent reoccuring pericarditis

Question 11

Infective Endocarditis

Decreased cardiac output

Answer 11

Infection of endocardium and heart valves commonly caused by streptococcus and staphylococcus

Question 12

Causes of infective endocarditis

Answer 12

Embolism

Question 13

Risk factors of infective endocarditis

Answer 13

IV drug use
Valvular disorder
Prosthetic heart valves or implanted devices
rheumatic heart disease
dental cleaning or poor dentition (antibiotic before)

Question 14

Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis

Answer 14

Osler’s nodes: painful valve blockage caused by bacteria
Janeway Lesion: not painful lesion on palm of hand

Question 15

Valvular disorders

Decreased cardiac output

Answer 15

Mitral or aortic valve
Disruption of blood flow through the heart

Question 16

Stenosis

Answer 16

narrow valve
not opening properly

Question 17

Regurgitation

Answer 17

Leaky valve
not closing properly
bidirectional (leaks backwards and forwards)

Question 18

Arterial stenosis

Answer 18

Narrow aortic valve (most common valvular abnormality)

Can be congenital or rheumatic fever
Leaks back up to LV

Question 19

Aortic regurgitation

Answer 19

Leaky aortic valve vaused by infective endocarditis or aortic root disease

Blood leaks back into LV

Question 20

Mitral stenosis

Answer 20

Narrow mitral valve caused by rheumatic fever

Blood leaks into LA

Question 21

Mitral regurgitation

Answer 21

Leaky mitral valve caused by CAD

Leaks from LV to LA

Question 23

Tricuspid Regugitation

Answer 23

Leaky tricuspid valve
Usually congenital

Leaks back from RV to RA

Question 24

Cardiomyopathy

Decreased cardiac output

Answer 24

Acquired/ inherited conditions that weaken and enlarge myocardium

Question 25

Dialated cardiomyopathy

Answer 25

Postpartum cardiomyopathy Dysfunctional, stretched, thin ventricular walls Causes: chemotherapy, pregnancy Manifestations: dyspnea, nonproductive cough, orthopnea

Question 26

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ## Footnote Decreased cardiac output

Answer 26

Athletes (sudden death) Thick, stuff ventricle walls (LV can't fill properly) manifestations: exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, syncope

Question 27

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy ## Footnote Decreased cardiac output

Answer 27

Rigid ventricle walls

Question 28

Heart failure ## Footnote Caused by?

Answer 28

Inadequate pumping that leads to decreased cardiac output and increased preload/ afterload (congestive heart failure)

Question 29

Heart failure ## Footnote Causes?

Answer 29

Congenital defect, myocardial infarction, valvular disease, dysrhythmia, thyroid disease

Question 30

Types of heart failure

Answer 30

- Systolic (pumping) - Diastolic (filling/ resting) Acute or chronic

Question 31

Left sided heart failure

Answer 31

Blood backs up to pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and activity intolerance ## Footnote Causes: Left ventricular infarction, hypertension, aortic/ mitral valve stenosis

Question 32

Right sided heart failure

Answer 32

Blood backs up to peripheral circulation, causing edema/ weight gain ## Footnote Causes: Pulmonary disease, left-sided failure, pulmonic/ tricuspid valve stenosis

Question 33

Manifestations of heart failure

Answer 33

Depend on type/ severity (grade I-IV) - Appear as compensatory mechanisms fail

Question 34

BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide

Answer 34

Less than 100 is normal ## Footnote Released by overloaded ventricles

Question 35

Acyanotic defects

Answer 35

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Atrial septal defect (ASD) Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Coarctation

Question 36

Cyanotic defects

Answer 36

Tetralogy Transposition Truncus arteriosus Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Hydroplastic left heart syndrome