Industrial revolution Part 2 Flashcards
When and where did the IR begin on the European Continent?
Belgium, late 1700’s
What time period?
1800-1914
What publication, denounced by several religious leaders, appeared in 1859. Why?
On the origin of species- Darwin
Why was 1859 an important year for labor unions?
Germany legalized them
Remember why Britain was the first place to industrialize?
- natural resources
- land, labor, capital
- population
- enclosure movement
- new technology
By the ______ steel had replaced ________ as the great symbol of the IR. Steel girders could support taller buildings and bridges. Steel rails could carry steel trains faster.
Phase l of IR- forged from _____ and powerd by _________ engines and driven by British _________ industry.
Phase ll- new ________________. New _________ powered by new __________ used new processes to turn out new ___________. New forms of business organizations led to rise of _________________.
- industrial powers
- factories; sources; products; giant companies
At the dawn of the 20th century the 2nd IR will -
Transform the economies of the world
How did Britain control it’s industry?
Put law into effect until 1825 against exporting inventions.
Where was the first textile industry in the US?
Rhode Island
Why was there slower development in Eastern and Southern Europe?
Lacked natural resources, social and political conditions got in the way.
What is the process in 1856 that purified iron ore to make steel?
Bessemer process: industry measures success by the output of this for tools, bridges, and railroads.
What two inventions make industry move faster?
Assembly line and interchangeable parts which cause more production
_________ creates the _________ which is a machine that generates electricity
Faraday; dynamo
Who created the first electric lightbulb and what was the result?
Thomas Edison; people can stay out after dark and factories run later
What railroad from the Atlantic to the pacific lead to other parts of the world ?
Transcontinental
What railroad connected Moscow to European Russia?
Trans-Siberian
German who invented gasoline powered engine
Otto
Patent for first auto with three wheels
Benz
First 4 wheel auto
Daimler
Model that went 25mph and he used the assembly line
Henry Ford
Air -1903. 12 sec/120 ft
Kitty hawk flown by Orville and Wilbur Wright
Morse : coded messages
Telegraph
Europe and North America connected in 1860’s by undersea cable created by who?
Field
Who patented the telephone?
Alexander Graham Bell
Who invented the first radio?
Italian Marconi
Phone did owners get capital to invest in new technologies
Owners sold stocks or shares in companies
Buisnesses owned by many investors who bought stocks were called what?
Corporations
What were the advantages of corporations over proprieters and partnerships.
Owners were responsible for all business debts regardless of investments. Corporations are limited responsibility so they attract more people because there is less risk and you risk only what you put in.
1 company having control
Monopoly
1901 monopoly
Jp Morgan; steel, oil
John d Rockefeller monopoly
Oil
Krupp (Germany)
Steel making
Several corporations
A cartel
What did cartels do?
Controlled all parts of an industry and the market prices.
The individual instead of the government controls the factors of oroduction
Capitalism
What are the two types of capitalism?
Commercial, industrial
Physical and biological sciences develop rapidly in the 1800-1900. What happens as a result?
Population explosion
Traits we inherit are called what and who discovered them?
Genetics; Mendel
Xrays
Roentgen
Radioactivity
Curies
E=mc^2
Einstein
Inoculation
Jenner
Antiseptic
Lister (listerene)
First nurse/ Red Cross
Nightingale
Mass migration of farms to cities
Urbanization
Why are people drawn to cities?
Museums, libraries, theaters, sports, general entertainment
Improved sanitation to prevent disease and begin urban renewal helped the overall “_____________________” improve
Standard of living
What was city life like?
42 years
What was urban renewal?
Rundown places that are renewed.
Workers vs. middle class
Blue collar vs. white collar
Better standard of living was also improved through
Rapid communication, new sources of power, new products, and mass production
Dickens was also known as who?
David Copperfield
Who was a famous philosopher and what did he believe?
John Stuart Mill
- govt should intervene to help factory conditions
- people would obey laws if they could vote
- individual liberty a human right- govt should guarantee
Who’s government was the first to regulate working conditions?
Great Britain
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto and what did he believe?
Karl Marx
Tribes- shared property and work
Slavery- people are owned like property
Feudalism- landowners controlled serfs
Capitalism- industry developed, sever depression, 2 classes: proletariat and bourgeoise
Communism- proletariat revolt and attempt socialism
What were two versions of communism and what did each do?
Pure communism- everyone gives and takes what they need, controlled by govt, no rights
Democratic communism- human rights but govt still controls
What did the factory act of 1819 so?
Prohibited employment of children under 9
What did the Ten Hours act do?
Women and children under 18 and all worker proble, was that the law was not enforced.
People refusing to work and make a list of demands
Strike
Union movement
Workers organized and collected dues to help those on strike
- sometimes illegal
- combination act: imprisoned associations
- finally legalized in Germany
- unions negotiated wages, hours, and conditions through collective bargaining
Middle class emerges how?
- marry into money, gain titles, and climb social ladder
- divide into upper middle and lower middle
What were the divisions of the social levels?
Super rich/ nobility- entrepreneurs
Upper middle class- business, professionals, doctors, lawyers
Lower middle class- teachers, shopkeepers
Working class- factory workers
Children were to -
Be seen and not heard; don’t embarrass family
The ideal wife was in the “-“ and books and magazines came out reflecting the idea of _________________
Cult of domesticity; home sweet home
There was division of labor at home
Boys did hard work
Women took care of home
The support of the _____________ was a ban on alcohol because it threatened the family
Temperance movement.
Women’s sufferage
- too emotional to vote
- liberals and socialists supported it
- some countries advanced women’s sufferage before
- we don’t win the vote until after WWI
3 r’s
Reading, writing, arithmetic
What did education help teach?
Punctuality and work ethic. Obedience to authority. And patriotism. Europe taught religion.
School system
Elementary, secondary, university.
Soccer started in
England
Where when who and why was basketball originated?
YMCA in Springfield Massachusetts, in December 1891 and by James Naismith because it was an indoor activity in the winter.
Science and technology increases the population to
7 billion
Food was preserved how?
Pasteurization and refrigeration
Emigration vs.cimmigration
Out of a country vs. into a country.
Old movement vs. new movement
N and W Europe vs. S and E europe
The growth of social sciences
- History
- Psychology (mind)
- Sociology (relationships)
- Anthropology (beliefs/behavior)
- Freud was the father of modern psych
Who were some experimenters in art?
Matisse, cezanne, Gauguin
Naturalists
Ugly aspect of life and screened their own emotions
Impressionists
Vivid accounts in a glance
Monet, Renoir, Degas
Post impressionists
Small dots
Romantics emphasized
Feelings, emotions, and imaginations
Individualism
The belief in the uniqueness of each person
How were romantics appearances changed?
Males grew long beards and both females and males wore ridiculous clothes
Lots of romanticism was based off
Middle Ages
Architects designed in neo gothic style
Cathedrals railways stations - British Houses of Parliament
Eugene Delacroix
Fascination with the exotic
Artists
Used warmth and emotion
Famous musician
Ludwig van Beethoven
Literature
Expressed nationalism
William woodsworth
English romantic poet of nature
Louis Pasteur
Germ theory of disease
Dmitry Mendeleev
Classified all materials by atomic weights
Secularization
Indifference or rejection to religion
Darwin believed every species has evolved from simpler forms
Survival of the fittest
Realism
Sought to show how things truly are
Gustavo Flaubert
Madame ovary
Charles dickens
Oliver Twist; sought to show the true and poor London
