Ch 10 10.3 UNIFICATION Flashcards
What 2 countries are found in Italy?
Vatican City, San Marino
What is a plebiscite?
Popular vote
What is the geographical shape of Italy
High heeled boot
Thank you in Italian
Gratzi
What is an anarchist?
Wants to abolish all government, can be violent
What is emigration!
Movement away from homeland (because of famine, religious persecution)
What problems did Italy face after unifications?
Regional differences
Disputes between church and state
Opposition to conservative government
3 men who helped unify Italy.
Cavour, Mazzini, giribaldi
Why wasn’t Italy taken seriously?
No had taken them seriously since roman times, Metternich said it was laughable and Italy was a “geographic expression”
France and Austria caused regionalism
Venice(venetians) Florence (Tuscans) Naples (Neapolitans)
How did Italy respond to the congress of vienna”
They hoped to end centuries of foreign rule and achieve unity
Who founded the secret society in Italy and what was It called?
Giuseppe Mazzini “young Italy”
What two things were common in Italy?
Language and history (Rome and papacy)
Risorgimento
Italian nationalist movement
Who was the new Italian leader
Victor Emmanuel II- ruler of Piedmont= nice! savoy! Sardinia.
Who was victors prime minister?
Camille de Cavour
How did Cavour reform economy?
Improved agriculture, railroad, and free trade
What did Cavour want
An end to Austrian power but he needed an army
Realpolitik
Based on the needs of the state
What did Cavour do to achieve his goal?
Made a secret deal with Louis Napoleon (France would help piedmont if Austria attacked)
Cavour provoked war on Austria
Austria lost and nice and savoy were given to france as a peace settlement
What does Cavour have in common with Otto?
Noble family, crafty politician, any means to achieve unity
What did garibaldi do
Wore red shirt (red=nationalism) wanted an Italian republic
Cavour and victor Emmanuel sent men to take over garibaldi
Garibaldi turned over the conquered land to create peace with Sardinia
What happened to victor Emmanuel ll ?
He was crowned king
What were some challenges still ahead for Italy?
Regional rivalries, no national issues were heard.
North: $, cities, businesses, culture
South: more populated, poor
Pope tried what
To overthrow government
What countries had Austria acquired?
Romania, Poland, Ukraine, northern Italy
Status quo
The way things are
Who was the emperor of Russia who spoke of “peoples”
Francis I
Who was the prime minister and what did he believe?
Metternich
“Rule and change nothing”
What problems would industrialization cause
Growth of cities (urbainization)
Worker discontent
Growth of socialism
What was it like in the Hapsburg rule?
No socialism or democracy
No change in government
Crushed all revolts
Ruled a multinational empire
What was the Hapsburg multinational empire made of
Serbs, Croats, Czechs, Slovaks, poles, Romanians, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Italians and Hungarians
What was wrong with rival groups in the same region..
Difficult to keep them unified
Why was Austrian nationalism hard to spark?
Congress of Vienna
Austria had many different cultures
1/4 German speaking Austrians
1/4 Hungarians
Rest were varied
Who inherited the Hapsburg throne at age 18?
Francis Joseph
Who did F.J. Lose to?
Italy and France
Francis Joseph set what up?
A new constitution to stop rebellions
- didn’t serve all people though
- mostly German speaking Austrians
Who helped work out a compromise for Austrian and Hungarians?
Francis Deak
Dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary allowed for what
Separate constitution and parliament
Shared finances, defense, and foreign affairs
What was Francis Joseph both
Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary
How were the ottoman and Hapsburg rule similar
Both multinational
How was Ottoman Empire seen?
“Sick man of Europe”
Istanbul
Russia allied with great britains dn france
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Austria
Middle East and North Africa
Great Britain and France
Serfdom
Master- peasant slavery at its worst
What did reformers want?
Free from autocratic rule, social injustice, economic backwardness
Autocracy
Government by one person with absolute power (dictator)
Reformers were sent where?
Siberia
Russia by 1815
Largest and most populous world power in Europe
Why was the colossus a success?
Vast resources, multinational (Europe, Asia)
Russia resisted reforms
Economically undeveloped
Rigid social structure
Serfs and masters, landowning noble saw no need to improve or invest in factories, small middle class, largest class was peasants
Western Europeans disliked autocratic govt…… Any different from modern?
Tryna overthrow Ukraine
Peter and Catherine both had what
Land with czars who expanded in Asia
What did peter and Catherine try to do?
Westernize Russia with enlightened idea
Czars started seeing what?
Need for improvements but don’t which causes economic and social lag
Russian ruler
Czar
Alexander I
Eased censorship and backed down when Napoleon invaded. Kept noble support
Nicholas I
Shut down Decembrist revolt using police spies
Decembrist revolt
Socialists, liberals, serfs rose up
Nicholas I motto
Orthodoxy: strong ties between RO and govt
Autocracy: absolute power of the state
Nationalism: respect Russian tradition, crush non Russians
Alexander II
Defeated in the Crimean war because no military or RR
emancipated serfs but it backfired
Zemstvos
Elected assemblies, local govt
Peoples will
Assassinated czar
Alexander lll
Russiafication: one language, censorship, secret police, one church, non Russians banished.
