10.1 Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Why is industrialization known as a turning point?
It changed the way of life for all time
What is the industrialization?
- To help industry or business in a country or society
- An overall change to a current society brought on by a Chang in population
What conditions must exist in a country for it to be industrialized?
Efficient central government Rich natural resources Increasing population Inventive genius/ ready capital Willing to adopt/ adapt and take chances
When and where did industrialization start?
Great Britain; 18th century
What was the significance of agriculture in the I.R.?
Improvement by the 1800’s decreased demands for farm labor, people moved to cities and created a largevlabor force
Why was Great Britain a good starting place for the I.R.?
It had the 3 factors of production
What were the three factors of production?
Land- natural resources
Labor- supply of workers
Capital- money, machinery
What additional things did Britain have to make it a starting point?
Harbors (great navy), wealthy people, an abundant supply of workers
When Britain started the textile industry, what was the first thing they underwent?
Mechanization- which was the use of machinery
The textile industry replace what?
The Domestic System (Cottage Industry), which was making yourself at home
The original textile system was what?
Raw cotton collected
Cotton spun into thread
Thread into woven cloths
Cloth sent to towns to be dyed
Efficient central government caused what?
Parliament passing laws to protect businesses and helping them expand
2 great natural resources were
Iron and steel
Why were iron and steel significant.
They were two major raw materials needed for industry and G.B. Had large amounts.
What was the process that helped iron and what did it do?
The Bessemer process, which were methods for removing impurities from iron to make it stronger, reduced production, inventive genius
Flying shuttle
John Kay
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves
Modern steam engine
James watt
What factored in for the steam engine to work?
Location and seasons
Water powered spinning machine
Rich Arkwright
Power loom
Edmund Cartwright
Cotton gin
Eli Whitney
Who built the first road and what is a turnpike?
Mcadam; privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers
Trevithick
1st steam engine
Rocket locomotive
Stephenson
Steamboat
Fulton; named Clermont
When did boats start crossing the Atlantic?
1838
When was rubber used..
1800s
When did Goodyear use vulcanizing rubber?
1839
When did we use gas to light streets and homes?
1850s
Volta
First battery
Armpire
Electric current
Morse
Telegraph
Field
Trans-Atlantic cable
Why was development so slow in Europe?
No raw materials
The end of the French Revolution and people were recovering
GB had a monopoly on export of machines and skilled workers
Industrial rev began in __________ because it’s __________ of ___________ which were __________,___________, and ___________. The __________ revolution allowed the industrial revolution. Replacement of water by __________. Better _____________ and ____________ allowed for growth of ideas and movement of people.
Great Britain; factors; production; land; labor; capital; agricultural; steam; communication; transportation
What is Urbanization?
Mass migration or the movement of people to cities
Why do people move?
Changes in farming ( the enclosure movement)
Population growth ( excess labor force)
Mass migration
What effect did machines have on the way work was done
Training time was shorter and people were easier to train
Women and children could work as well as men (didn’t demand higher wages)
How were wages determined?
Number of hours or goods produced
Competition for jobs
Need for certain people can increase wages
Needs of workers- men (bread winners)
How were people’s lives changed on the job!
Many rules 14 hour days 6 days a week Noisy dirty, no safety 5 year olds were sent to work in mines, mills- abusive Women were cheaper to hire than men
Downside to women working?
Away from the family for 12 hours
How did urbanization effect their living conditions?
Monotonous- something repeatedly
Cramped tenants, starvation
Life expectancy was 35 years
People in the new middle class were obvious because
Living conditions, dress, schooling, property, political awareness
The middle class were people who, and inventors who?
People who invested in factories
Inventors who developed new technologies
Middle class lived in
Nice houses, lady like and to the standard of living
The middle class took roles in
Parliament
Middle class believed that people who worked in the factories were
Lazy because they did not apply themselves. The needed to “get ahead” and work hard, make sacrifices. I’m better than you attitude
How did the IR effect the working class?
Methodism- John Wesley ( taught about the bible, sober up.
City conditions
Air
Noise
Air was always polluted
Noise from factories all the time- day and night
All around poor living conditions
Tenements
Multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments
What was living in a tenement like?
No running water
No sewage or sanitation system- waste and garbage rotted in streets
Diseases spread easily (rats, fleas, etc.)
Monopoly was
1 person owning everything
Adam smith wrote
The wealth of nations
Adam smith encouraged free market; laissez faire which wS
Hands off; leaving things alone; no government influence
Laws of supply and demand
Prices were fixed according to demand (if scarce pay more so profits increase and supply exceeds amount)
Law of competition
To get people to buy, must decrease price or improve quality ( think car strip)
Thomas Malthus wrote
The essay on principle of population; an increase to population is an obstacle to human progress so misery and poverty are inevitable (pop. Outpaces food supply)
David Ricardo wrote and believed
The iron law of wages; wages are high,labor is low Nd families have more kids which means higher labor and lower wages and unemployment
People should
Improve on own without any assistance from the government
Jeremy Bentham believed in utilitarianism which was
The goal of a society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens
Socialism
Where people as a whole, rather than private individuals, would work and operate the map earns of production
Socialism helped
Farms, factories, railways and other businesses that produce goods
This got rid of entrepreneurs or inventors who made it rich
Believed government should be for all members, not just the rich
Utopia is
A perfect society
What happened in a utopia
All work was shared and all property owned in common
There was no difference between rich and poor
Robert Owen.
A utopian socialist who created child labor laws, a labor union, and inferred that they would be more productive if they were treated well
Karl Marx wrote what
Wrote the communist manifesto
Karl Marx argued that the entire course of history was a struggle between the haves and the have nots….
Haves controlled society/government/production
- bourgeoise
Have nots were the working class
-proletariat
The truth about Marxism
It did not work in Europe or the US- nationalism and reforms won out
What is puddling?
The process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron.
