Industrial Manufacturing Flashcards
How is ammonia made
By combining nitrogen and hydrogen
Where is the hydrogen from
Natural gas or cracking of hydrocarbons
Where is the nitrogen from
From the air
Haber process equation
3H2(g) + N2 2NH3
^H = -92kJ/mol
Haber process conditions
450*C
200 atmospheres
Iron catalyst
Haber process
Why do the conditions not complete
Only some converted to ammonia
Gases cooked and ammonia turns to liquid
Unreacted goes back into the reaction chamber
Uses of ammonia
Manufacture of fertilisers
Manufacture of nitric acid
Manufacture of nylon
Making sulfuric acid is…?
The contact process
Making ammonia
The Haber process
Phase 1 contact process
Sulphur dioxide made by burning sulfur in air
S(s) + O2(g) -> SO2(g)
Phase 2 contact
2SO2(g) + O2 2SO3(g)
Temp of 450*
Pressure of 1-2atm
Vanadium oxide as catalyst
98%yield
Phase 3 contact
Sulfur trioxide combined with sulfuric acid
Weak due to impure
To make oleum
SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) -> H2S2O7(l)
Phase 4 contact
Oleum is diluted to make concentrated solution of sulfuric acid
H2S2O7(l) + H2O (l) ->2H2SO4(l)
Uses of sulfuric acid
Manufacture of detergents
Paints
Fertilisers
Manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine
Electrolysis of sodium chloride (brine)
Hydrogen is the useful byproduct f electrolysis
Brine diagram key parts
Conc sodium chloride solution goes in
Titanium anode
Chloride out
Diaphragm
Steel cathode
Hydrogen out
Sodium hydroxide solution contaminated with sodium chloride out
Brine anode
Titanium
2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e-
Chloride ions lose electrons to form chlorine molecules
Brine cathode
Steel
2H2O + 2e- -> 2OH- + H2
Brine why keep apart
If they mix then they form bleach
Uses of sodium hydroxide
Manufacture of bleach
Of paper
Of soup
Of detergents
Uses of chlorine
Sterilising water supplies (swimming pools)
Manufacture of bleach
Of Hydrochloric acid
Of PVC
