Industrial and post-industrial development of sport Flashcards
What were the changes to society during the industrial revolution ?
- working class peasants moved to the towns to get jobs
- urbanisation
- factory work replacing ‘crafts’
- poor working conditions - 12 hour days, 6 days a week (Sunday off for church)
- limits to leisure
What are the negative affects on sport ?
- lack of leisure time
- lack of income
- poor health
- loss of rights (restriction on games by law)
- lack of public provision = no access to public facilities
What is the industrial revolution ?
- Occurred during the mid 18th century to the mid 19th century
- Changed from a feudal, rural society to a industrialised, capitalist society controlled by the powerful, urban middle class
What is athleticism ?
Physical endurance with moral integrity
What is industrial patronage ?
Factory teams set up by owners as a way of encouraging loyalty in the work force
What is urbanisation ?
Large numbers of people moving from rural areas to towns and cities seeking work in factories
What were the improvements to society in the later 19th century ?
- health and hygiene improved
- increased wages
- new middle class
- value of athleticism
- industrial patronage
- transport and communications
- cheaper to travel
What were the effects of urbanisation in the industrial revolution ?
A huge amount of people moved to the city to work, this caused the following:
- lack of space - purpose built facilities
- large working-class - mass spectators
- Loss of traditional sports - more games were banned
What happened to communication during the industrial revolution ?
- people became more likeable
- mass growth in communications
- newspapers (sports stars born and results published)
- telegraphs
What was the transport revolution ?
Transport improved with the indurstrial revolution
- more steam trains and railways increased
- easier movement for teams and spectators
- access to all parts of the countyr
- cheaper travels
What was the influence of the church in the industrial ?
- encouraged social control
- sport was seen to promote christian values
- the church organised teams and competitions
- played on Holy days
What was the emergency of the middle class in the three-tier society ?
The middle class helped sporting development by:
Codification - strict rules developed
Competitions - unis, clubs, factories
Public provision - spaces to play, train
Increased leisure time - more time to watch or play sports
Aided the move to professionalism - agents, promoters
How did 19th century public school boys and uni old boys influence the development of sport through the British empire ?
Teachers = developed teams, taught traditional values in sport
Factory Owners = Set up teams and gave time off for people to play in competitive sport
Clergy = developed church teams and took sport abroad when missionaries
Army Officers = Used sport with armed services, spread through the empire
Diplomats = travelled the world and took sports with them
National governing bodies = codified sports and established competitions, help international spread
Why did the middle class emerge ?
Emerged as a result of urbanisation and industrialisation and played a key part to the development of sport in the 19th century.
Who were the stakeholders in developing sport in the 19th century ?
- Teachers
- Factory owners
- Clergy
- Army officers
- Diplomats
- National governing bodies
What public provision was put in place to help health and hygiene ?
- local council provided facilities
- applied for grants for washing facilities
- in the 2nd half of the 19th century, increased provision made to reflect the 1st and 2nd class
- improved productivity at work
What is an example of a national governing body and why were they created ?
- formed in the mid-late 19th century
- e.g the FA in 1863
They created them because: - increase in poverty
- more teams and clubs
- more national and international games
- nationally agreed rules
- maintenance of the ‘amateur idea’
What is the definition of public provision ?
Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate
What are the characteristics of rational recreation ?
- Respectability = need for fair-play, non-violent
- Regionally, nationally and regularly = watching Saturday matches for the masses was enjoyed
- Stringent administration and codification = strict and complex rules set by the NGB
- Referee’s/ officials = present to enforce newly developed rules
- Skill/ tactics based = players had roles they became ‘specialised ‘ in. Performers trained to improve
What are the characteristics of rational recreation and cultural factors that influenced their developed ?
- Regional, national international = improved transport (e.g railway’s)
- Respectable = emergency of new middle-class, public influence of non-violence
- Purpose-built facilities = lack of space, industrial patronage
- Rule-based codification = NGB’s, more likeable
- Regular = increased free time, improved transport
- Revolution’s = urban/ industrials
- Religion = Muscular christianity influence
- Gambling controlled = increased law and order in a capitalist economy
What are the Wenlock Olympic games ?
- Festival where servants would compete in events such as running, hurdling and football.
- The rules were simple
- events were local
- rural location
- Dr William Penny Brookes advocated for the games
- He also campaigned for PE to be apart of the curriculum
