Industrial and post-industrial development of sport

Question 1

What were the changes to society during the industrial revolution ?

Answer 1

• working class peasants moved to the towns to get jobs
• urbanisation
• factory work replacing ‘crafts’
• poor working conditions - 12 hour days, 6 days a week (Sunday off for church)
• limits to leisure

Question 2

What are the negative affects on sport ?

Answer 2

• lack of leisure time
• lack of income
• poor health
• loss of rights (restriction on games by law)
• lack of public provision = no access to public facilities

Question 3

What is the industrial revolution ?

Answer 3

• Occurred during the mid 18th century to the mid 19th century
• Changed from a feudal, rural society to a industrialised, capitalist society controlled by the powerful, urban middle class

Question 4

What is athleticism ?

Answer 4

Physical endurance with moral integrity

Question 5

What is industrial patronage ?

Answer 5

Factory teams set up by owners as a way of encouraging loyalty in the work force

Question 6

What is urbanisation ?

Answer 6

Large numbers of people moving from rural areas to towns and cities seeking work in factories

Question 7

What were the improvements to society in the later 19th century ?

Answer 7

• health and hygiene improved
• increased wages
• new middle class
• value of athleticism
• industrial patronage
• transport and communications
• cheaper to travel

Question 8

What were the effects of urbanisation in the industrial revolution ?

Answer 8

A huge amount of people moved to the city to work, this caused the following:
- lack of space - purpose built facilities
- large working-class - mass spectators
- Loss of traditional sports - more games were banned

Question 9

What happened to communication during the industrial revolution ?

Answer 9

• people became more likeable
• mass growth in communications
• newspapers (sports stars born and results published)
• telegraphs

Question 10

What was the transport revolution ?

Answer 10

Transport improved with the indurstrial revolution
- more steam trains and railways increased
- easier movement for teams and spectators
- access to all parts of the countyr
- cheaper travels

Question 11

What was the influence of the church in the industrial ?

Answer 11

• encouraged social control
• sport was seen to promote christian values
• the church organised teams and competitions
• played on Holy days

Question 12

What was the emergency of the middle class in the three-tier society ?

Answer 12

The middle class helped sporting development by:
Codification - strict rules developed
Competitions - unis, clubs, factories
Public provision - spaces to play, train
Increased leisure time - more time to watch or play sports
Aided the move to professionalism - agents, promoters

Question 13

How did 19th century public school boys and uni old boys influence the development of sport through the British empire ?

Answer 13

Teachers = developed teams, taught traditional values in sport
Factory Owners = Set up teams and gave time off for people to play in competitive sport
Clergy = developed church teams and took sport abroad when missionaries
Army Officers = Used sport with armed services, spread through the empire
Diplomats = travelled the world and took sports with them
National governing bodies = codified sports and established competitions, help international spread

Question 14

Why did the middle class emerge ?

Answer 14

Emerged as a result of urbanisation and industrialisation and played a key part to the development of sport in the 19th century.

Question 15

Who were the stakeholders in developing sport in the 19th century ?

Answer 15

• Teachers
• Factory owners
• Clergy
• Army officers
• Diplomats
• National governing bodies

Question 16

What public provision was put in place to help health and hygiene ?

Answer 16

• local council provided facilities
• applied for grants for washing facilities
• in the 2nd half of the 19th century, increased provision made to reflect the 1st and 2nd class
• improved productivity at work

Question 17

What is an example of a national governing body and why were they created ?

Answer 17

• formed in the mid-late 19th century
• e.g the FA in 1863
  They created them because:
• increase in poverty
• more teams and clubs
• more national and international games
• nationally agreed rules
• maintenance of the ‘amateur idea’

Question 17

What is the definition of public provision ?

Answer 17

Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate

Question 18

What are the characteristics of rational recreation ?

Answer 18

• Respectability = need for fair-play, non-violent
• Regionally, nationally and regularly = watching Saturday matches for the masses was enjoyed
• Stringent administration and codification = strict and complex rules set by the NGB
• Referee’s/ officials = present to enforce newly developed rules
• Skill/ tactics based = players had roles they became ‘specialised ‘ in. Performers trained to improve

Question 19

What are the characteristics of rational recreation and cultural factors that influenced their developed ?

Answer 19

• Regional, national international = improved transport (e.g railway’s)
• Respectable = emergency of new middle-class, public influence of non-violence
• Purpose-built facilities = lack of space, industrial patronage
• Rule-based codification = NGB’s, more likeable
• Regular = increased free time, improved transport
• Revolution’s = urban/ industrials
• Religion = Muscular christianity influence
• Gambling controlled = increased law and order in a capitalist economy

Question 20

What are the Wenlock Olympic games ?

Answer 20

• Festival where servants would compete in events such as running, hurdling and football.
• The rules were simple
• events were local
• rural location
• Dr William Penny Brookes advocated for the games
• He also campaigned for PE to be apart of the curriculum