Industrial and Post Industrial Britain (1780-1900)

Question 1

What is rational recreation?

Answer 1

sport pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled

Question 2

What are the characteristics of rational recreation?

Answer 2

Regional to national to international
Respectable
Rule based
Regular
Revolutions
Religion
Gambiling controlled
Amateurism and professionalism

Question 3

How did the industrial revolution affect post industrial recreation(first half)?

Answer 3

1800-1850 there were negative effects
lower class migrated to urban areas (cramped living)
lack of income and leisure time
lack of public provision
poor health due to poor living conditions

Question 4

How did the industrial revolution affect post industrial recreation? (second half)

Answer 4

1850-1900 was positive change
social reforms led to changes 
health and hygiene improved
increased wages and more free time
improved transport and communication-cheaper to travel
new middle class emerging
influence of public school boys

Question 5

How did the transport revolution affect post industrial recreation?

Answer 5

steam railways
more spectators could watch games across country
leagues formed as teams could travel to games

Question 6

How did communications affect post industrial recreation?

Answer 6

society became more literate as more educational provision for working class
results were published which increased popularity of sport and allowed people to follow their team
printed media increased knowledge and awareness of sport eg when and where games were taking place
led to emergence of role models

Question 7

How did the church influence post industrial recreation?

Answer 7

why?
clergy encouraged the working class to play sport to increase attendance at church
encouraged social control (improved behaviour) through civilised activities and moving away from gambling drinking etc

how?
church organised teams- eg southampton
provided facilities
sport was seen as a way of promoting Christian values
approvement and active involvement of clergy encouraged working class to participate
muscular christianity- moral and physical beauty of athleticism and teamwork, aim to eradicate working class behaviour eg gambling
YMCA- promoted healthy body healthy mind link - promoted christian values through sport

Question 8

What is urbanisation?

Answer 8

movement of lower class from rural areas to urban areas eg cities and factories during the industrial revolution

Question 9

How did the middle class emerge and what were the effects?

Answer 9

as a result of urbanisation and industrialisation
codification-strict rules and public school boys led to the development of NGBs
competitions- development of leagues via middle class involvements in clubs, church and school teams
public provision-development of public facilities via middle class philanthropists
increased leisure time- middle class factory owners gave workers more time to to watch/play sport
middle class helped in the development eg commercial and professional sport

Question 10

How did public provision affect life?

Answer 10

development of public baths as a way to combat disease
wash house act was established to try and combat disease spread so people were healthier and could play sports and be more productive at work
first and second class facilities reflected social class of a person and showed there was still a gap

Question 11

What did the NGBs do?

Answer 11

NGB- national governing bodies
were set up in late 19th C to deal with structure of competitions and leagues
public school boys left school and wanted to carry on in sports

Maintainence of the amateur ideal to deal with professionalism and early commercialisation as middle and upper class wanted control
some rules excluded working class from joining in

they had to make leagues, fixtures and rules as sport was becoming more popular
nationally agreed rules- codification to ensure fair competition

Question 12

How did the British Empire help to spread recreations?

Answer 12

sport was seen as a powerful way of installing moral values into people across the world
ex public school boys spread values of sport across empire
diplomats- travelled the world and took ideas with them
british army- played sport in various countries
helped to bind various people of the empire together
young men became leaders
provided worldwide opportunities for british sports to spread
different people eg teachers, clergy spread concepts + games to different parts of empire

Question 13

How did public school boys spread ethics of sport?

Answer 13

they were teachers, factory owners, part of the clergy, officers in the army, diplomats

Question 14

What is an amateur?

Answer 14

a person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

Question 15

What is a professional?

Answer 15

a person who plays sport for financial gain

Question 16

What were the values of amateurs in the late 19thC?

Answer 16

manliness
high moral integrity
playing for the love of the game
appreciating the value of health and fitness

Question 17

What were gentlemen amatuers?

Answer 17

men who played sport to a high moral code
respected members of society with public school backgrounds
belonged to social elite
all rounders- played a number of sports

Question 18

What were the positives of amateurism?

Answer 18

they adhere to ethics codes
participation was more important than winning
were of a higher status than professionals
code of amateurism was based on playing to set rules

Question 19

What are modern day amateurs?

Answer 19

amateurs lost status and power
lower status than professionals
some receive finance to pay for training expenses
some high level performers are not pros

pos- amateur code still evident eg olympics was only open to amateurs until recently - 1986
still evident with olympic oath
viewed positively and promoted in fair play campaigns

Question 20

What was 19th C professionalism?

Answer 20

training became specialised
results and winning were more important than enjoyment
emerged as working class had to make money from the sport or they wouldn’t be able to play
lower morality and gamesmanship and cheating were common
specialised in single sport

Question 21

What are the positives of professionalism?

Answer 21

led to increased commercialisation and and media coverage
working class could earn money whilst not at work
standards increased

Question 22

What are modern day professionals?

Answer 22

positive role models with celebrity like status
people are respected for their talents
all classes can compete
high rewards for professionals in media and sponsorship
have more time to train as it becomes their job
positive role models

Question 23

How did tennis development?

Answer 23

upper class played real tennis
middle class developed lawn tennis as they had lawns/gardens + formed lawn tennis association (NGB)
they codified lawn tennis and made leagues and fixtures
they excluded the lower class
used specialist equipment that only MC could afford
supported women to play with eachother if they were suitably dressed and there was a lack of exertion

Question 24

How did female participation in tennis increase?

Answer 24

middle class could afford equipment
tennis allowed respectable mixing
rules for tennis were standardised
women were regarded as equal to men in tennis
women played in open events and organised their own tournaments

Question 25

What were the Wenlock Olympic Games?

Answer 25

they were founded by dr William brooks
he wanted to promote physical, mentl and social wellbeing among the lower class
promote intellectual improvements
events included football, running, cricket and hurdles
prizes included a pound of tea and a crown of leaves

developed to include a range of athletic events (now known as track and field) eg 100 yard run, hammer throw
Baron de Coubertin visited the Olympian Society where they held a special event
he was inspired to establish the IOC and reform the modern Olympic Games in Athens

Question 26

emergence of mass spectator sport

Answer 26

reduction of working hours/ better wages which allowed for more time to watch games
improved transport so could travel to watch games
improved communication so could find out when/where games were
urbanisation led to change in how games were played due to spaces available
creation of teams from churches/ factories
NGBs organised competitions/ fixtures/ leagues

Question 27

why were NGBs needed

Answer 27

sport became more popular
needed an organisation to organise competitions etc
codification of rules, leagues and fixtures in order to make competition fair for everyone
upper and middle class wanted control
exclusion of working class and women
maintain ideas of amateurism
social control

Question 28

track and field AAC

Answer 28

urbanisation led to end of rural fairs
athletic events became popular with purpose built tracks and facilities being made
exclusion clause excluded working class and manual workers
AAC- amateur athletic club was formed by ex public school boys
emphasised respectability, fair play, courage and no wagering

Question 29

track and field AAA

Answer 29

amateur athletic association
withdrew exclusion clause so everyone could compete
professionals were people who ran for money rather than just working class people