Increasing Racialisation Flashcards
What seemed irrelevant to blacks living in the poor areas of American cities
M LK and his civil rights successes in the south
When did black American movements which are much more radical and violent emerge
During the 1960s
What was lifelike to the black living in the poor areas of American cities
There was poverty, deprivation and unemployment-These were rife
How many black youths were unemployed in Chicago’s gettos
About 70%
What did poor housing in the ghettos lead to
Violence and crime
What percentage of ghetto children finished high school
32%
What could you describe the ghettos as
A powder-keg waiting to explode
In what year was there a clumsy and brutal attempt by police to arrest who?
1965 police attempted to arrest a black drunk driver
What was the result of the police arrest of black drunk driver
Riots in the watts area of Los Angeles
Between 1964 and 1968 how many riots were there and in how many US cities
238 riots in more than 200 cities
How many people died in the riots and how did most die
250 deaths many from police shootings
How much damage was done after the riots ( dollars worth)
Billions of dollars worth
What type of campaigners of the SCLC and NAACP not know
The middle-class campaigners new little of the ghetto world
Who was working in the ghettos
Black activists
What happened after 1964 in terms of the CORE (what did they do)
CORE workers rented Freedom houses in northern ghettos, from which they distributed information on education, employment, health and housing
What happened in 1966 with the SNCC (what did they mount)
They mounted The Atlanta project
A group of SNCC students cleared waste areas, publish newsletter called Nitty-gritty to denounce ‘White lies’ in the press and persuaded local blacks to vote in elections
What was the nation of Islam
A black Muslim movement formed in 1930
Nationalists and separatist
Solution to problems of black Americans was returned to Africa or separate American States in South US
What did it King label the nation of Islam as
A hate group
What did NAACP leader Thurgood Marshall call the nation of Islam
A bunch of thugs
How many members did the nation of Islam have by 1970
250,000
Who were two of the famous members of the nation of Islam
Muhammad Ali-world champion boxer
Malcom X-black activist
Who was Malcom X
Vigourous and aggressive man who joined nation of Islam while in prison for drug-dealing
How did it Malcom X present himself
As the alternative to Dr King
What did Malcolm X think of M LK
That he was a fool
What did Malcom X argue about white policies in contrast to mlk
White apologies often (Americans with no alternative but violence
Also rejected Kings turn the other cheek nonviolence approach
When did Malcom X become famous. (After something)
After 1959 TV documentary, the hate that hate produced
When was Malcom X suspended from the nation of Islam and why
In 1964 after appearing to welcome the assassination of Pres Kennedy
What did Malcolm X do after he was suspended
He renounced the nation of Islam
When was Malcom X’s new York home firebombed
1964
When was Malcom X assassinated and by who
1965 by a nation of Islam gunman
What did Malcolm X do because of his death (three results)
- became role model for angry young blacks
- forced America’s black leaders to refocus their attention away from civil and legal rights and instead on social and economic conditions
- Introduced idea of violence as legitimate a tactic
At CORE and SNCC work in ghettos what happened to them
They became more radicalised-politics became more left-wing/socialist
tactics became more racially charged and violence
In what year did SNCC choose who as a leader and then EXspells all white members
1966 chose Stokely Carmichael
What did Carmichael believe
Nonviolence was not the right approach and instead advocated self defence
What phrase did Carmichael bring in
Black power
When did Carmichael bring the phrase black power to the public attention
When he shouted it out at a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi, after the Meredith March
In the year after Carmichael brought in the phrase black power who succeeded him
H.Rap Brown
What did H.Rap brown encourage
Encouraged poor black people to see the white shops and thus directly cause a number of ghetto riots that year
When did Floyd McKissick take over CORE
1966
What did Floyd McKissick do and when
Expelled its white members in 1968
What views did McKissick have
He rejected nonviolence
When was the most famous expression of black power shown
During the 1968 Mexico City Olympics
What happened at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics (who were medal winners) and what did they do
Tommy Smith and John Carlos raise their fists in a black power salute
MSmith wore black scarf symbolism-Black pride
Carlos wore beads in memory of black slaves and victims of lynchings
What were John Carlos and Tommy Smith members of
The Olympic project for human rights
When was the Olympic project for human rights founded and what was its aim
Founded in 1967 to protest against discrimination against blacks in sport
What and when did Huey Newton form as a response to police brutality in the watts riots
The black panther party in 1966
What were some of the points in the black panther party’s 10 point programme
Land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace
-Some demands
At its height how many members did the black panther party have
5000 members organised into 30 chapters
In what years did the black panther party temporarily merge with the SNCC
1968 to 69
Who did the black panther party forge links with
Communist Freedom fighters all over the world
What did the black panther party setup in Los Angeles (give four)
Set up health clinics and an ambulance and gave free breakfasts to ghetto children
Also attacked police
What would black panther patrols do - think police
They would shadow police patrols
What would happen if the police started harassing black Americans
The Panthers would help the blacks
When were a number of black panthers shot notably
In a gun battle that followed the Ambush of a police patrol in 1968
In response to their ambush of a police patrol in 1968 what did California decide to do
Decided that it would recruit policemen in proportion to the size of the black and white population in the state
What did the FBI label the black panthers as
A black nationalist hate group
By what year had the black panther movement fizzled out and why
By 1970 because leaders were targeted and jailed by FBI
