Beginning Of Change Flashcards
What happened to Rosa Parks when she refused to move
She was arrested
When and who sat on a bus on way home from work in Montgomery Alabama, Who refuse to stand up to let white man sit on seat
December 1955 Rosa Parks
Who was Rosa Parks
A trained NAACP activist
Why did Rosa Parks take her stand
Because there were a number of incidents before of rudeness and discrimination against black on the Montgomery buses
Who did the black people of Montgomery choose as their leader
Martin Luther King
What did thousands of black people do with the Boycott
Blacks walked to work and take taxis given by African Americans which are offered seats for the cost of a bus fair
How many African American taxidrivers offered their seats
210
How long did the bus boycott last
381 days
What was also organised to get black people to work
A car pool of supporters of the Boycott
What did King and his supporters call themselves
The Montgomery improvement Association (M I A)
Who did the M I A employ to take the bus boycott case to the supreme Court
NAACP lawyers
What did the M I A want
Black drivers on black routes, and white busdrivers to be polite to black passengers
What did M I A deliberately sought to do
They deliberately sought only moderate reforms
What did the M I A not challenge
The idea of segregation
They asked only that sears on city buses be allocated on first come first serve basis
black people seats rear, white seats front
Here oppose the M I A’s proposals
The local white citizens council
What was the result of the local white citizens councils opposition
Their membership doubled
Ordered local officials to harass of boycott leaders-King arrested for speeding
When was Martin Luther King home bombed by the KKK
January 1956
What was the boycott ruining
The bus company financially
Local businesses as they were losing custom
How much did local shopkeepers lose because of the Boycott
$1 million
What happened on 13 November
City chiefs claims carpool was in effect a taxi service operating without a proper license-got carpools stopped in courts
What happened on the same day that the car Pool was banned
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional
What was the boycott and Rosa Parks and inspiration to
The civil rights movement
What did the boycott and Rosa Parks demonstrate
That when black Americans United, they could succeed, and that violent opposition only increased support
What did the success of the boycott increase
Black confidence
What was a result of black confidence when the KKK drove through black areas of town
Black came out and waved at them
Where were there copycat boycotts
Throughout the South
Why was the success of the Boycott Limited?
Everything else in Montgomery was still segregated
.
What was the overall result of the Boycott
Boycott revealed depth of racism and determination of whites
Rosa parks and husband lost their jobs
Received death threats and had to move Detroit
1957 which ruling had not resulted in any immediate changes in the schools
ThE Supreme Court brown v Topeka ruling
What did the Brown versus Topeka ruling not order
Segregated schools to be abolished-just said they were wrong
How many segregated states ignored the ruling of b v t
Most of the 20 segregated states
What did the government not enforce
The states to end segregation
What happened when states did try to change
Some schools closed rather than desegregate
Mobs gathered to stop black children going to white schools
What happened on May 23 of September 1957
Nine black students attend central high school in little rock, Arkansas
How many people were in the mob which barred the nine students way
1000
What happened two days later after the mob. At Little Rock
Children went to school protected by 11,000 soldiers
Crowd shouted: two, four, six, eight; we aren’t going to integrate.
What happened to the black students when they were in the school
They were assaulted and abused
What did the black students face back in the Black community
I know of those who said the meddling nine were making life harder for black people
Why was Little Rock a defeat for civil rights
A few other schools dared to desegregate and few black children wanted to face the danger.
Little rock was only fully desegregated in 1972
Only 3% of Americans black children attended desegregated schools in 1964
In 1964 how many percent of America’s black children attended desegregating schools
3%
When was little rock fully disaggregated
1972
By 1960 what had the civil rights movement begun to do
They had begun to undermine the legal principles of segregation
When was the TV interview with Martin Luther King and what did he say
1967
MLK said that he believed that the 1950s had created ‘a new negro’, who had a willingness to stand up courageously for what he feels is just and what he feels he deserves on the basis of the laws of the land.
By 1960 what simple and basic civil right black still not have
The right to vote
What did Martin Luther Kings southern Christian leadership conference try to organise and what was the outcome
The registration of the 3 million new black voters in a 1957 act
only managed to add only 160,000 more names
What had the movement provoked
Angry and violent white backlash
What were white citizens councils doing in terms of the voting
They went through the same voters lists and found excuses to delete the names of black voters who already there
What kind of blacks were being fired
‘Uppity’ blacks
What did a number of southern states do
They outlawed the NAACP
How many black Americans lived below the poverty line in 1940
87%
How many black Americans lived below the poverty line in 1959
41%
What was the average black income in 1957 of that of a white worker
57% that of a white worker
How many black Americans were unemployed in 1957 compared to whites
11% which was double that of whites
By the end of the 50s was there change
Little or no change in the everyday experience of blacks, he was still segregated and discriminated against socially economically and politically
