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INCORRECT EXAMPREP ANSWERS Flashcards

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1
Q

Damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus is sometimes known as Erb’s paralysis.
What would be apparent in a patient with damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

Pronation of the forearm

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2
Q

What is the role of the terminal cisternae?

A

Ca2+ ion storage

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3
Q

In skeletal muscle, what do the Z lines anchor?

A

actin filaments

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4
Q

Where does the subclavian artery lie?

A

between the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus & the SC vein

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5
Q

Of the structures that lie on the 1st rib, what is the most anterior?

A

Subclavian vein

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6
Q

What is the main characteristic of the end plate potential?

A

it is associated with depolarisation of the muscle fibre

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7
Q

What is the main characteristic of the ECC process in cardiac muscle that differentiates it from that seen in skeletal muscle?

A

the AP can last several hundred milliseconds

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8
Q

What is the key characteristic of a GP produced by stimulating a sensory nerve ending?

A

it evokes impulses in a sensory nerve at a frequency that is directly related to its amplitude at any moment

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9
Q

What is the function of botulinum toxin?

A

prevents ACh release

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10
Q

Suxamethonium produces NM blockade in surgery by _______.

A

producing prolonged activation of NAChR at the NMJ.

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11
Q

What is a clinically useful muscle relaxant that acts by competition with ACh for the NAChR on skeletal muscle?

A

atracurium

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12
Q

What structures pass through the lower triangular space?

A

radial nerve

profunda brachii artery

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13
Q

What nerve is most likely to be damaged following a fall on the elbow?

A

Ulnar

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14
Q

What structure supports the GH joint anteriorly?

A

Subscapularis

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15
Q

What structure supports the GH joint posteriorly?

A

infraspinatus

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16
Q

What nerve is most likely to be damaged following a fracture of the mid shaft of the humerus?

A

radial

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17
Q

What do terminal cisternae contain?

A

calsequestrin

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18
Q

What is the largest backup source of energy in skeletal muscle?

A

glycogen

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19
Q

In what process does the TCA cycle play a role?

A

FA synthesis from glucose

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20
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

conversion of protein (from muscle breakdown) to glucose

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21
Q

What is glycolysis stimulated by?

A

insulin in the liver

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22
Q

What tendons does the median nerve lie adjacent to in the wrist?

A

FCR & FDS

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23
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia associated with?

A

a potentially fatal increase in body temperature

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24
Q

What is a characteristic of suxamethonium?

A

it characteristically produces fasciculations before paralysis

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25
What can ACh.E drugs be used for?
to reverse the paralytic effects of tubocurarine
26
What occurs when an AP in the skeletal muscle fibre leads to contraction?
the AP is transmitted to different sarcomeres via the T tubules
27
What type of contraction results in an increase in tension within the muscle, without a resultant change in movement?
isometric
28
What best describes efficacy, with regard to the way drugs activate receptors?
the capacity of agonists to generate a stimulus may vary
29
If somebody has tennis elbow, where do they experience tenderness?
lateral epicondyle
30
What fracture usually results from a fall on the outstretched hand?
fracture of the scaphoid
31
Where is the superficial palmar arch in relation to the median nerve?
it is superficial to the branches of the median nerve
32
Where are the lumbrical muscles attached to ?
the extensor expansion
33
What is the pattern of the sensory supply of the ulnar nerve?
The 5th finger and half of the 4th finger both anteriorly and posteriorly
34
What is the posterior border of the anatomical snuff box?
extensor pollicis longus
35
What does the male genital tract receive sympathetic supply via?
pelvic ganglion
36
What are the boundaries of the adductor canal?
- sartorius - adductor longus - adductor magnus - vastus medialis
37
What is the distal attachment of biceps femoris (hamstring muscle)?
Head of fibula
38
What is the distal attachment of obturator externus to the femur?
Greater trochanter
39
A hernia in the inguinal region may be classified via its relationship to the pubic tubercle. Where is the neck of a femoral hernia found in relation to the pubic tubercle?
Inferior & Lateral
40
What are the boundaries of the femoral ring?
femoral vein inguinal ligament pectineal ligament lacunar ligament
41
What are the contents of the femoral sheath?
femoral artery femoral vein femoral canal
42
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
sartorius inguinal ligament adductor longus
43
What infection can lead to iron deficiency?
hookworm infestation
44
If a patient is blood group AB, what type(s) of blood can they be given via transfusion?
All blood types | - they are a universal recipient
45
Where is the femoral artery palpable in the inguinal region?
at the mid inguinal point
46
A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of the immune response?
Helper T Cells
47
Which immunoglobulin class accounts for approx 75% of the antibodies in adult blood?
IgG
48
Which immunoglobulin class is mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria & bacterial toxins?
IgG
49
Which cells are the first line of cellular defence against pathogens?
Phagocytes
50
Which cells are responsible for the production of circulating antibodies?
Plasma cells
51
What cells are found in the germinal centres of a lymph node?
Proliferating B cells
52
How does colestyramine help to lower blood cholesterol?
By sequestering bile acids in the intestine to prevent enterohepatic recirculation
53
How do statins help to lower blood cholesterol levels?
By inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver
54
What thigh muscle helps to prevent the patella from dislocating?
Vastus medialis
55
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
Femoral artery Femoral vein Saphenous nerve Nerve to vastus medialis
56
What action do obturator internus & externus perform at the hip joint?
External rotation
57
What artery passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Internal pudendal artery
58
Where are class II MHC molecules found?
Only on lymphocytes & macrophages
59
Which immunoglobulin class are the first Ab's to be produced in response to infection?
IgM
60
Which lymphocyte population is depleted in pts with AIDS?
CD4 positive lymphocytes
61
What is the mechanism of ibuprofen?
Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 by ibuprofen causes decreases in the formation of prostaglandins & thromboxanes
62
What pharmacokinetic processes affect the half life of a drug?
Distribution Metabolism Excretion
63
Which artery is a continuation of the popliteal artery?
Tibial artery
64
What will reduce the systemic bioavailability of a drug when orally administered?
Will be reduced by gut metabolism
65
What factor is associated with increased permeability of a drug to the plasma membrane?
A high lipid solubility
66
What is the nomenclature for a malignant tumour of endothelium?
Angiosarcoma (BVs)
67
What is the nomenclature for a benign tumour of striated muscle?
Rhabdomyoma
68
What is the nomenclature for a benign tumour of smooth muscle?
Leiomyoma
69
What is the nomenclature for neoplasia of the arachnoid cell? What is the name given to a tumour of nerve sheath cells?
Meningioma Schwannoma
70
What does the term incidence refer to? (NOTE: NOT the incidence rate)
Measure of the number of new cases of a disease, occurring within a specific period of time
71
What NSAID produces an irreversible time dependent inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase by acetylating the a-amino group?
Aspirin
72
Flexion of the hip is controlled by which myotomes?
L1 and L2
73
When testing the medial collateral ligament - what position should the knee be in?
In the very slightly flexed position
74
When testing to see whether a new dye is carcinogenic in man, what screening approach will give the most useful data?
Screening in vitro following incubation with liver microsomes
75
What is the surface marking of the dorsalis pedis artery?
Lateral to EHL
76
What is the distal attachment of peroneus longus?
Medial cuneiform & first metatarsal
77
What is the origin of the fibular artery?
Posterior tibial artery
78
Which vein accompanies the sural nerve?
Small saphenous vein
79
What are osteoblasts stimulated by? What inhibits them?
Parathyroid hormone Coritcosteroids
80
What is the most common histological type of bronchial carcinoma?
Squamous cell bronchial carcinoma
81
Acute Rheumatic Fever (AHF) is an autoimmune disease involving molecular mimicry. What best describes the pathological cause of AHF?
Ab's raised in response to streptococcus pyogenes infection target host cardiac tissue
82
What muscles make up the (i) Anterior Compartment (ii) Lateral Compartment of the leg?
``` (i) Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus(fibularis) tertius (ii) Peroneus (fibularis) brevis Peroneus (fibularis) longus ```
83
In cancer chemotherapy, what does the term cytotoxic usually mean?
Drugs which kill cells

MD2002 (17 decks)

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