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MD2002 > INCORRECT EXAMPREP ANSWERS > Flashcards

INCORRECT EXAMPREP ANSWERS Flashcards

1
Q

Damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus is sometimes known as Erb’s paralysis.
What would be apparent in a patient with damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

Pronation of the forearm

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2
Q

What is the role of the terminal cisternae?

A

Ca2+ ion storage

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3
Q

In skeletal muscle, what do the Z lines anchor?

A

actin filaments

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4
Q

Where does the subclavian artery lie?

A

between the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus & the SC vein

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5
Q

Of the structures that lie on the 1st rib, what is the most anterior?

A

Subclavian vein

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6
Q

What is the main characteristic of the end plate potential?

A

it is associated with depolarisation of the muscle fibre

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7
Q

What is the main characteristic of the ECC process in cardiac muscle that differentiates it from that seen in skeletal muscle?

A

the AP can last several hundred milliseconds

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8
Q

What is the key characteristic of a GP produced by stimulating a sensory nerve ending?

A

it evokes impulses in a sensory nerve at a frequency that is directly related to its amplitude at any moment

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9
Q

What is the function of botulinum toxin?

A

prevents ACh release

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10
Q

Suxamethonium produces NM blockade in surgery by _______.

A

producing prolonged activation of NAChR at the NMJ.

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11
Q

What is a clinically useful muscle relaxant that acts by competition with ACh for the NAChR on skeletal muscle?

A

atracurium

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12
Q

What structures pass through the lower triangular space?

A

radial nerve

profunda brachii artery

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13
Q

What nerve is most likely to be damaged following a fall on the elbow?

A

Ulnar

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14
Q

What structure supports the GH joint anteriorly?

A

Subscapularis

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15
Q

What structure supports the GH joint posteriorly?

A

infraspinatus

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16
Q

What nerve is most likely to be damaged following a fracture of the mid shaft of the humerus?

A

radial

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17
Q

What do terminal cisternae contain?

A

calsequestrin

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18
Q

What is the largest backup source of energy in skeletal muscle?

A

glycogen

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19
Q

In what process does the TCA cycle play a role?

A

FA synthesis from glucose

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20
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

conversion of protein (from muscle breakdown) to glucose

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21
Q

What is glycolysis stimulated by?

A

insulin in the liver

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22
Q

What tendons does the median nerve lie adjacent to in the wrist?

A

FCR & FDS

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23
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia associated with?

A

a potentially fatal increase in body temperature

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24
Q

What is a characteristic of suxamethonium?

A

it characteristically produces fasciculations before paralysis

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25
Q

What can ACh.E drugs be used for?

A

to reverse the paralytic effects of tubocurarine

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26
Q

What occurs when an AP in the skeletal muscle fibre leads to contraction?

A

the AP is transmitted to different sarcomeres via the T tubules

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27
Q

What type of contraction results in an increase in tension within the muscle, without a resultant change in movement?

A

isometric

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28
Q

What best describes efficacy, with regard to the way drugs activate receptors?

A

the capacity of agonists to generate a stimulus may vary

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29
Q

If somebody has tennis elbow, where do they experience tenderness?

A

lateral epicondyle

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30
Q

What fracture usually results from a fall on the outstretched hand?

A

fracture of the scaphoid

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31
Q

Where is the superficial palmar arch in relation to the median nerve?

A

it is superficial to the branches of the median nerve

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32
Q

Where are the lumbrical muscles attached to ?

A

the extensor expansion

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33
Q

What is the pattern of the sensory supply of the ulnar nerve?

A

The 5th finger and half of the 4th finger both anteriorly and posteriorly

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34
Q

What is the posterior border of the anatomical snuff box?

A

extensor pollicis longus

35
Q

What does the male genital tract receive sympathetic supply via?

A

pelvic ganglion

36
Q

What are the boundaries of the adductor canal?

A
  • sartorius
  • adductor longus
  • adductor magnus
  • vastus medialis
37
Q

What is the distal attachment of biceps femoris (hamstring muscle)?

A

Head of fibula

38
Q

What is the distal attachment of obturator externus to the femur?

A

Greater trochanter

39
Q

A hernia in the inguinal region may be classified via its relationship to the pubic tubercle. Where is the neck of a femoral hernia found in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

Inferior & Lateral

40
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral ring?

A

femoral vein
inguinal ligament
pectineal ligament
lacunar ligament

41
Q

What are the contents of the femoral sheath?

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
femoral canal

42
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius
inguinal ligament
adductor longus

43
Q

What infection can lead to iron deficiency?

A

hookworm infestation

44
Q

If a patient is blood group AB, what type(s) of blood can they be given via transfusion?

A

All blood types

- they are a universal recipient

45
Q

Where is the femoral artery palpable in the inguinal region?

A

at the mid inguinal point

46
Q

A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of the immune response?

A

Helper T Cells

47
Q

Which immunoglobulin class accounts for approx 75% of the antibodies in adult blood?

A

IgG

48
Q

Which immunoglobulin class is mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria & bacterial toxins?

A

IgG

49
Q

Which cells are the first line of cellular defence against pathogens?

A

Phagocytes

50
Q

Which cells are responsible for the production of circulating antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

51
Q

What cells are found in the germinal centres of a lymph node?

A

Proliferating B cells

52
Q

How does colestyramine help to lower blood cholesterol?

A

By sequestering bile acids in the intestine to prevent enterohepatic recirculation

53
Q

How do statins help to lower blood cholesterol levels?

A

By inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver

54
Q

What thigh muscle helps to prevent the patella from dislocating?

A

Vastus medialis

55
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vastus medialis

56
Q

What action do obturator internus & externus perform at the hip joint?

A

External rotation

57
Q

What artery passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Internal pudendal artery

58
Q

Where are class II MHC molecules found?

A

Only on lymphocytes & macrophages

59
Q

Which immunoglobulin class are the first Ab’s to be produced in response to infection?

A

IgM

60
Q

Which lymphocyte population is depleted in pts with AIDS?

A

CD4 positive lymphocytes

61
Q

What is the mechanism of ibuprofen?

A

Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 by ibuprofen causes decreases in the formation of prostaglandins & thromboxanes

62
Q

What pharmacokinetic processes affect the half life of a drug?

A

Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

63
Q

Which artery is a continuation of the popliteal artery?

A

Tibial artery

64
Q

What will reduce the systemic bioavailability of a drug when orally administered?

A

Will be reduced by gut metabolism

65
Q

What factor is associated with increased permeability of a drug to the plasma membrane?

A

A high lipid solubility

66
Q

What is the nomenclature for a malignant tumour of endothelium?

A

Angiosarcoma (BVs)

67
Q

What is the nomenclature for a benign tumour of striated muscle?

A

Rhabdomyoma

68
Q

What is the nomenclature for a benign tumour of smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyoma

69
Q

What is the nomenclature for neoplasia of the arachnoid cell? What is the name given to a tumour of nerve sheath cells?

A

Meningioma

Schwannoma

70
Q

What does the term incidence refer to? (NOTE: NOT the incidence rate)

A

Measure of the number of new cases of a disease, occurring within a specific period of time

71
Q

What NSAID produces an irreversible time dependent inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase by acetylating the a-amino group?

A

Aspirin

72
Q

Flexion of the hip is controlled by which myotomes?

A

L1 and L2

73
Q

When testing the medial collateral ligament - what position should the knee be in?

A

In the very slightly flexed position

74
Q

When testing to see whether a new dye is carcinogenic in man, what screening approach will give the most useful data?

A

Screening in vitro following incubation with liver microsomes

75
Q

What is the surface marking of the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

Lateral to EHL

76
Q

What is the distal attachment of peroneus longus?

A

Medial cuneiform & first metatarsal

77
Q

What is the origin of the fibular artery?

A

Posterior tibial artery

78
Q

Which vein accompanies the sural nerve?

A

Small saphenous vein

79
Q

What are osteoblasts stimulated by? What inhibits them?

A

Parathyroid hormone

Coritcosteroids

80
Q

What is the most common histological type of bronchial carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell bronchial carcinoma

81
Q

Acute Rheumatic Fever (AHF) is an autoimmune disease involving molecular mimicry. What best describes the pathological cause of AHF?

A

Ab’s raised in response to streptococcus pyogenes infection target host cardiac tissue

82
Q

What muscles make up the (i) Anterior Compartment (ii) Lateral Compartment of the leg?

A 
(i) Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus(fibularis) tertius
(ii) Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
83
Q

In cancer chemotherapy, what does the term cytotoxic usually mean?

A

Drugs which kill cells

MD2002 (17 decks)

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