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HISTOPATH LEC > IMPREGNATION & EMBEDDING > Flashcards

IMPREGNATION & EMBEDDING Flashcards

1
Q

This is the process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities and give a firm consistency to the specimen

A

Impregnation

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2
Q

Impregnation is also called …

A

Infiltration

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3
Q

It is the process by which the impgregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium which is then allowed to solidify

A

Embedding

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4
Q

Embedding is also called …

A

casting/blocking

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5
Q

Embedding and infiltrating mediums should be soluble in processing fluids

true or false

A

true

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6
Q

embedding and infiltrating mediums must be molten between what temperatures?

A

30C and 60C

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7
Q

What is the medium used to infiltrate the tissue and is usually the same medium utilized for impregnation

A

embedding medium

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of impregnation and embedding mediums?

PPCG

A
  1. PARAFFIN WAX
  2. PLASTIC
  3. CELLOIDIN
  4. GELATIN
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9
Q

Celloidin is also called …

A

collodion

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10
Q

This is the simplest, most common, and best embedding medium

A

paraffin wax

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11
Q

this is used for routine tissue processing

A

paraffin wax

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12
Q

This is a polycrystalline mixture of solid hydrocarbons produced during refining of coal and mineral oils

A

Paraffin

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13
Q

Paraffin melts at what temperatures?

A

65C to 70C

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14
Q

This is solid at room temperature

A

paraffin

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15
Q

Paraffin wax at 56C to 58c are the most commonly used for what?

A

histological use

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16
Q

Paraffin, at its melting point, tends to be what?

A

Slightly viscous

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17
Q

Viscosity decreases as the temperature increases

true or false

A

true

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18
Q

The traditional advice with paraffin wax is to use this at what temperature?

A

2C above its melting point

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19
Q

Wax hardness (viscosity) of paraffin depends on what?

A
  • molecular weight of the components
  • ambient temperature
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20
Q

To decrease viscosity and improve filtration, what do technologists do?

A

they increase the temperature

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21
Q

For paraffin, to decrease viscosity and improve infiltration of the tissue, the technologists often increase the temperature to what temperature?

A

to above 60C ot 65C

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22
Q

High molecular weight mixtures melt at lower temperatures than waxes comprised of lower molecular weight fractions

true or false

A

false

higher temperatures

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23
Q

High molecular weight mixtures melt at lower temperatures than waxes comprised of lower molecular weight fractions

true or false

A

false

higher temperatures

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24
Q

Paraffin wax is traditionally marketed by its melting points which range from what?

A

39C to 68C

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25
Q

Tissu-wax adhesion depnds upon the what?

A

crystal morphology of the embedding medium

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26
Q

These provides better physical support for specimens through close packing

A

Small, uniform sized crystals

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27
Q

Small, uniform sized crystals provide better physicaly support for specimens through what?

A

through close packing

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28
Q

Crystalline morphology of paraffin eax can be altered by incoportating what?

A

additives

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29
Q

The incoporation of additives result in a less brittle, more heterogeneous wax with good cutting characteristics

true or false

A

false

less brittle, more homogeneous, with good cutting characteristics

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30
Q

The incoporation of additives result in a less brittle, more heterogeneous wax with good cutting characteristics

true or false

A

false

less brittle, more homogeneous, with good cutting characteristics

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31
Q

There is consequently more deformation during thin sectioning

true or false

A

false

less deformation

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31
Q

There is consequently more deformation during thin sectioning

true or false

A

false

less deformation

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32
Q

This does not appreciably affect crystal size

A

setting temperature

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33
Q

They are an important source for historical studies in medicine

A

formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues

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34
Q

What are the types of Microtomes?

FRRUCS

A
  • Freezing
  • rotary
  • rocking
  • ultrathin
  • Cryostat
  • Sliding
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35
Q

It is an example of a heavy duty microtome

A

Sliding

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36
Q

What are the 3 general methods for infiltration?

A
  • Paraffin
  • Celloidin
  • Gelatin
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37
Q

What are the 3 methods under paraffin?

A
  • Manual
  • Automatic
  • Vacuum
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38
Q

What are the substitutes for Paraffin wax?

A
  1. Paraplast
  2. Embeddol
  3. Ester wax
  4. Bioloid
  5. Tissue mat
  6. Carbowax
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39
Q

This is a method used for celloidin impregnation that is recommended for the bones, brain, teeth, and whole organs

A

Wet celloidin method

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40
Q

This is a method used for celloidin impregnation that is recommended for the eyes

A

dry celloidin method

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41
Q

How many percent celloidin does the THIN CELLOIDIN contain?

A

2-4 %

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42
Q

For how many days must the THIN CELLOIDIN be left at?

A

5-7 days

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43
Q

How many percent celloidin does the MEDIUM CELLOIDIN contain?

A

4-6% celloidin

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44
Q

For how long must the medium celloidin be immersed in 4-6% celloidin?

A

5-7 days

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45
Q

What percent of celloidin must THICK CELLOIDIN contain?

A

8-12% celloidin

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46
Q

For how long must the THICK CELLOIDIN be immersed in 8-12% celloidin?

A

3-5 days

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47
Q

f the specimen that you are processing have bigger spaces of cavities and the specimen is bigger, IT WILL MAKE THE PROCESS LONGER.

true or false

A

true

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48
Q

This is an equipment that is used for cutting tissues.

A

Microtome

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49
Q

This has a melting point of 46-48C

A

Ester wax

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50
Q

This is recommended for enzyme studies

A

Carbowax

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51
Q

It is hygroscopic or water-soluble

A

Carbowax

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52
Q

It is a substitute for paraffin that is recommended for eye specimens

A

Bioloid

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53
Q

It is a substitute for paraffin that is recommended for bones and brain specimen

A

Paraplast

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54
Q

What is the melting point of Paraplast?

A

56-57C

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55
Q

It is a substitute for paraffin wax that has a melting point of 56-58C

A

Embeddol

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56
Q

This method is under negative atmospheric pressure inside the oven

A

Vacuum method

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57
Q

This is the routine infiltration method

A

Paraffin wax infiltration

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58
Q

What are the 2 types of autotechnicon?

A
  1. Tissue type transfer
  2. Fluid transfer type
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59
Q

The fluid transfer type is also called …

A

Also called as Enclosed Type

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60
Q

The Tissue Transfer Type is also known as the …

A

Dip and Dunk type

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61
Q

What are the parts of an Autotech?

STEC10

A
  1. Spring loaded plunger
  2. Transfer arm
  3. Electric clock
  4. Cover plate
  5. 10-12 1L capacity beakers
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62
Q

The first 2 beakers of an autotechnicon contain what?

A

FORMALIN

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63
Q

Beaker’s 3, 4, 5 of an autotechnicon contains what?

A

ALCOHOL in INCREASING concentration

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64
Q

Beaker’s 6, 7, 8 of an autotechnicon contains what?

A

XYLENE, 3 changes of xylene

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65
Q

Beaker’s 9 and 10 of an autotechnicon contains what?

A

contains PARAFFIN WAX

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66
Q

Also called as Timing Disk

A

Electric clock

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67
Q

It determines the duration of the process

A

Electric clock

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68
Q

It facilitates automatic transfer of tissue/s from one reagent to another

A

Transfer arm

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69
Q

Its purpose is to cover all the beakers

A

Cover plate

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70
Q

The opening and closing function of the cover plate is AUTOMATIC and done by what?

A

Spring loaded plunger

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71
Q

This facilitates the removal of the cover plate

A

Spring loaded plunger

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72
Q

This is the type of autotechnicon wherein the tissue/s stays within the chamber where the reagent for each process is pump in and out

A

Fluid transfer type

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73
Q

What are the 2 advantages of the Fluid Transfer type?

A
  • Drying of tissues is prevented
  • Vapors are vented through filters
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74
Q

Paraffin wax is compatible with many stains

true or false

A

true

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75
Q

What must be the approximate temperature in the manual processing?

A

2-5℃ higher than the wax melting point

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76
Q

This is the cause of specimen brittleness

A

Overheated paraffin

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77
Q

This will cause excessive tissue shrinkage and hardening, making the cutting of sections difficult

A

Prolonged impregnation

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78
Q

This will promote retention of the clearing agen

A

Inadequate impregnation

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79
Q

What happens to the tissues in cases of inadequate impregnation?

A

tissues become soft and shrunken

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80
Q

What happens to tissue blocks in cases of inadequate impregnation?

A

tissue blocks crumble when sectioned and break up when floated out in a water bath

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81
Q

What are examples of tissues that are difficult to infiltrate?

BBET

A
  • Bones
  • brain
  • Eyes
  • teeth
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82
Q

Tissues that are difficult to infiltrate require what?

A

long immersion for proper support

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83
Q

What will happen to these tissues that are difficult to infiltrate if they do not undergo long immersion?

A

they will crumble on sectioning

84
Q

Prolonged immersion in paraffin is not advisable

true or false

A

true

85
Q

Paraffin processing is recommeneded for fatty tissues

true or false

A

false

not recommended

86
Q

Paraffin processing is recommeneded for fatty tissues

true or false

A

false

not recommended

87
Q

What does dehydrating and clearing agents used in infiltration do to the fat from the tissues?

A

they dissolve and remove fat from tissues

88
Q

After being completely cleared, the tissue is submerged in two or more changes of melted paraffin wax, what are the two approached to do this?

A

either:
- paraffin oven
- in an incubator which has been regulated at 55-60C

89
Q

The duration and number of changes required for thorough impregnation of tissues depends on what?

STUC

A
  1. Size and type of tissues
  2. Use of vaccum embedding
  3. Clearing agent employed
90
Q

Longer time is required for thicker tissues

true or false

A

true

91
Q

This reduces the time required for complete impregnation

A

vacuum

92
Q

What are the melting points of common waxes?

A

45, 52, 56, 58

93
Q

This temperature is normally ised for routine work

A

56C

94
Q

If a laboratory is at the temperature of 20-24C, what is the melting point of the paraffin wax?

A

54-58C

95
Q

If the laboratory temperature is between, 15-18C, the melting point of wax to be used must be between what?

A

50-54C

96
Q

Soft tissues require wax with a higher melting point than hard tissues

true or false

A

false

hard tissues require wax with a higher melting point

97
Q

Soft tissues require wax with a higher melting point than hard tissues

true or false

A

false

hard tissues require wax with a higher melting point

98
Q

What are the three ways by which paraffin wax impregnation and embedding of tissues may be performed?

A
  1. Manual processing
  2. Automatic processing
  3. Vacuum embedding
99
Q

How many changes of wax are required at how many minutes intervals must be done in Manual Processing?

A

At least four changes of wax are required at 15 minutes intervals

100
Q

After the 4th change of wax in manual processing, the specimen is then immersed in another fresh solution of melted paraffin for approximately how many hours?

A

3 hours

101
Q

The thickness of the specimen for manual processing must be how many millimeters?

A

3 mm thick

102
Q

This method makes use of an automatic tissue processing machine (i.e., Autotechnicon)

A

Automatic processing

103
Q

This method fixes, dehydrates, clears and infiltrates tissues, thereby decreasing the time and labor needed during the processing of tissues

A

Automatic processing

104
Q

What is the machine used or automatic processing?

A

Autotechnicon

105
Q

This results in a more rapid diagnosis with less technicality

A

Automatic processing

106
Q

How many changes of wax is required to remove the clearing agent and properly impregante specimens in automatic processing?

A

2-3 changes

107
Q

This accelerates and improves tissue penetration giving rise to more consistent results

A

constant tissue agitation

108
Q

One example of automatic tissue processing machine

A

Elliott Bench-Type Processor

109
Q

This machine is mounted on rollers to permit the turning of platforms and easy access t beakers and wax baths

A

Elliott Bench-Type Processor

110
Q

The Elliott Bench-Type Processor makes use of how many inidividuals steps?

A

12

111
Q

The frequency with which fluids are changed depends on what?

A

depends on the number of sizes of the tissues processed

112
Q

This indicates that the paraffin wax needs to be changed

A

The presence of any odor in the clearing agent during the final paraffin wax bath

113
Q

Dehydrating fluids should be changed frequently

true or false

A

true

114
Q

The first 100% ethanol bath should be discarded

true or false

A

true

115
Q

The clearing agent and the dilute ethanols should be changed at least twice a week

true or false

A

false

once a week

116
Q

The clearing agent and the dilute ethanols should be changed at least twice a week

true or false

A

false

once a week

117
Q

The clearing agent and the dilute ethanols should be changed at least twice a week

true or false

A

false

once a week

118
Q

It reduces the time when tissues are subjected to high temperatures thus minimizing heat-induced tissue hardening

A

Vacuum embedding

119
Q

It facilitates complete removal of transition solvents, and prolongs the life of wax by REDUCING SOLVENT CONTAMINATION

A

Vacuum embedding

120
Q

This hastens the removal of air bubbles and clearing agent from the tissue block, thereby promoting a more rapid wax penetration of the tissue

A

vacuum

121
Q

This technique is recommended for urgent biopsies and for delicate tissues

A

Vacuum embedding

122
Q

What are the delicate tissues for vacuum embedding?

A
  • brain
  • CNS
  • Connective tissues
  • eyes
  • lung
  • spleen
  • decalcified bones
123
Q

What are the delicate tissues for vacuum embedding?

A
  • brain
  • CNS
  • Connective tissues
  • eyes
  • lung
  • spleen
  • decalcified bones
124
Q

The addition of this may hasten displacement of cedarwood oil with less tissue shrinkage

A

Addition of benzene

125
Q

Benzene and xylene are easily removed from the tissues while chlorofrom and cedarwood oil are difficult to remove and require more frequent wax changes

true or false

A

true

126
Q

Larger and densner tissue blocks usually require longer periods and more frequent changes of wax

true or false

A

true

127
Q

This depend upon the nature and size of the tissues to be processed, and type of clearing agents to be used

A

total impregnation time

128
Q

Of the three methods of paraffin wax impregnation, which gives the fastest result?

A

Vacuum

129
Q

The tissue should not be left in the paraffin oven for more than how many hours?

A

for more than 4 hours

130
Q

Tissues become increasingly harder and more brittle as they are heated

true or false

A

true

131
Q

Infiltration in overheated paraffin (above 60C) will produce what?

A

produce shrinkage and hardening of tissues, and destroy lymphoid tissues completely.

132
Q

Infiltration in overheated paraffin (above 60C) will produce what?

A

produce shrinkage and hardening of tissues, and destroy lymphoid tissues completely.

133
Q

To avoid the shrinkage and hardening of tissues and from the lymphoid tissues from being destroyed, the paraffin oven must be maintained at what temperature?

A

2 to 5C above the melting point of paraffin

134
Q

Paraffin wax must be pure

True or false

A

true

135
Q

Fresh wax should be filtered after use in a wax oven at a temperature 2C higher than its melting point

true or false

A

false

filtered before use

136
Q

Fresh wax should be filtered after use in a wax oven at a temperature 2C higher than its melting point

true or false

A

false

filtered before use

137
Q

Wax that has been trimmed away from th eimpregnated tissue may bmelted and filtered for future use, using a what?

A

coarse filter paper

138
Q

Example of coarse filter paper

A

Green’s No. 904

139
Q

Water must therefore be removed by heating the wax to what temperature?

A

100-105C

140
Q

Paraffin wax may only be used thrice, after which, fresh wax must be utilixed

true or false

A

false

may only be used twice

141
Q

When using an automatic tissue processing machine, wax usually becomes ADMIXED with the dehydrating agent, especially in the last beaker; hence, water must be discarded

true or false

A

false

admixed w clearing agent; FIRST BEAKER

142
Q

A relatively hard wax with a higher melting point is recommended for this microtome

A

fixed knife mimcrotome

143
Q

Paraplast is a mixture of what?

A

highly purified paraffin + synthetic plastic polymers

144
Q

Paraplast has melting point of 56-57C

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

145
Q

It is a substitute that is more elastic and resilient than paraffin wax

A

paraplast

146
Q

This permits the large dense tissue blocks such as bones and brains to be cut easily with the same result as in double embedding

A

paraplast

147
Q

Blocks obtained in this paraffin substitute are more uniform than with any other medium, with better ribboning of sections

A

paraplast

148
Q

It is soluble in common clearing agent and follows the same time schedule for paraffin impregnation

A

paraplast

149
Q

does not tend to crack like other paraffin wax substitutes

A

paraplast

150
Q

During the winter, paraplast may be used at what temperature if the tisue is cut in a cool room?

A

54-56C

151
Q

During the summer, paraplast may be at what temperature?

A

60-63C

152
Q

During the summer, paraplast may be at what temperature?

A

60-63C

153
Q

These kinds of tissues do not section well or, if it does, it does not stain well and most details are destroued

A

“cooked” tissues

154
Q

It is a synthetic wax substitute similar to paraplast with a melting point of 56-58C

A

Embeddol

155
Q

This is a semisynthetic wax recommended for embedding eyes

A

Bioloid

156
Q

This is a product of paraffin, containing rubber, with the same property as paraplast

A

tissue mat

157
Q

This substitute has a lower melting point of 46-48C

A

ester wax

158
Q

This substitute is not soluble in water

A

ester wax

159
Q

ester wax is soluble in what?

A

95% ethyl alcohol and other clearing agents

160
Q

this substitute can be used for impregnation without prior clearing of the tissue

A

ester wax

161
Q

Cellosolve is also called ..

A

ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

162
Q

These may be used as clearing agents, if indicated

A

cellosolve and xylene

163
Q

In such instances, removal of the clearing agent must be GRADUAL, that is, the tissue must be placced in a solution containing what? for how many hours? before finally transferring it to pure wax.

A

equal proportion of CLEARING AGENT and ESTER WAX FOR 3-6 HOURS

164
Q

How many chages are required to ensure complete tissue impregnation in ester wax?

A

3-4 changes of wax

165
Q

Sectioning of ester wax-impregnated tissues should be done on a what?

A

on a heavy duty microtome

166
Q

example of heavy duty microtome

A
  • sliding
  • sledge-type microtome
167
Q

heavy duty microtome should be used in sectioning of ester wax-impregnated tissue due to what?

A

due to relative hardnes of wax

168
Q

These are plastic polymers, mostly polyethylene glycols

A

water soluble waxes

169
Q

Water soluble waxes have melting points of 38-42 or 45-56C

true or false

A

true

170
Q

These are incorporatedinthe majority of proprietary histological paraffin wax blengds presently available to improve ADHESION, HARDNESS and PLASTICITY.

A

Polymer waxes

171
Q

The most commonly used water souble wax

A

carbowax

172
Q

Carbowax is a polyethylene glycol containin how many carbon atins, which appears solid at room temp.

A

18 or more carbon atoms

173
Q

It is soluble in and miscible with water; hence dosnot require dehydration and clearing of the tissue

A

carbowax

174
Q

it does not remove neutral fats and lipids

A

carbowax

175
Q

This technique is suitable for many enzyme histochemical studies

A

carbowax

176
Q

Cytologic details are excellently preserved

A

carbowax

177
Q

How many changes of wax is required in carbowax?

A

4 changes

178
Q

how are the four changes of wax in carbowax?

A
  • once each in 70% and 90%
  • 2 times in 100% concentration
  • at a temperature of 56C, at 30 mins, 45 mins, and 1 hour (with agitation), respectively
179
Q

Specimens are embedded in fresh carbowax at what temperature? and rapidly cooled in a refrigerator

A

50C

180
Q

Carbowax is very easily dissolved in water due to what?

A

due to its hydroscopic nature

181
Q

This will reduce tissue distortion and promote flattening and “floating out” of sections

A

adding soap to water or using 10% polyethylene glycol 900

182
Q

This is added to proprietary blengds of plastic polymer paraffin waxes reduces infiltration times and facilitates thin sectioning

A

Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)

183
Q

DMSO scanges residual transition solvent and probably alters tissue permeability by what?

A

by substitutingfor our removing bound water thus improving infiltration

184
Q

Some individuals who handle DMSO-paraffin wax may experience what?

A

unpleasant and annoying oyster or garlic taste probably caused by DMSO metabolites

185
Q

This is a purified form of nitrocellulose soluble in many solvents

A

celloidin

186
Q

this is suitable for specimens with large hollow cavities which tend to collapse

A

colloidon

187
Q

This is used mainly for preparing soft tissue sections of mixed consistency such as eyes and brain

A

Celloidin

188
Q

No heat is required, and the resultant block has a rbbery consistency which gives good support to tissues

A

Collodion

189
Q

This recommended for processing of meurological tissues

A

celloidin

190
Q

This is used in the dry celloidin technique to help soften the brittle layers

A

cedarwood oil

191
Q

This type of celloidinis recommended for bones, teeth, large brain sections and whole organs

A

wet celloidin method

192
Q

This celloidin method is preferred for processing whole eye sections

A

Dry celloidin method

193
Q

This is made up of equal parts of chloroform and cedarwood oil, and is added to celloidin block before hardening, to make tissue transparent

A

Gilson’s mixture

194
Q

This method does not make use of alcohol due to the presence of cedarwood oil in the block

A

dry method

195
Q

This is another form of celloidin soluble in equal concentration of ether and alcohol, with a lower viscosity, allowing it to be used in higher concentration and still penetrate tissues rapidly

A

Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose

196
Q

many workers prefer L.V.N to the ordinary cellidin and makes cutting of thinner sections possible

true or false

A

true

197
Q

It forms a harder tissue block and makes cutting of thinner sections possible

A

LVN

198
Q

How can the tendency of tissues to crack be prevented?

A

by adding plasticizers

199
Q

example of plasticizers

A
  • oleum ricini
  • castor oil
200
Q

example of plasticizers

A
  • oleum ricini
  • castor oil
201
Q

LVN is more explosive than celloidin

true or false

A

true

202
Q

this must be kept tightly covered and protected from sunlight to avoid evaporation of alcohol

A

LVN

203
Q

THIS SERVES TO PREVENT THE GROWTH OF MOLDS

A

1% phenol

204
Q

the volume of impregnating medium should be at least 20 times the volume of the tissue in gelatin impregnation

true or false

A

false

at least 25 times

205
Q

the volume of impregnating medium should be at least 20 times the volume of the tissue in gelatin impregnation

true or false

A

false

at least 25 times

206
Q

What are the several types of blocking out molds?

A
  1. Leuckhart’s embedding mold
  2. Compound embedding unit
  3. Plastic embedding rings and base mold
  4. Disposable embedding molds
207
Q

What are the kinds of disposable embedding molds?

A
  1. peel away
  2. plastic ice trays
  3. paper boats

HISTOPATH LEC (7 decks)

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