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HISTOPATH LEC > CHAPTER 9: DEHYDRATION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 9: DEHYDRATION Flashcards

1
Q

This is the process of removing intercellular and extracellular water from the tissue following fixation and prior to wax impregnation

A

Dehydration

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2
Q

Dehydration is done following what process? and prior to what?

A

following fixation and prior to wax impregnation

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3
Q

What do you call the solutions utilized to make the dehydration process possible?

A

Dehydrating agents

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4
Q

What do you call the solutions utilized to make the dehydration process possible?

A

Dehydrating agents

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5
Q

Many of these dehydrating agents are what?

A

Alcohols

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6
Q

Alcohols of various types are generally used in increasing strengths to remove what?

A

to remove aqueous tissue fluids with little disruption caused by diffusion currents

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7
Q

Alcohols of various types are generally used in decreasing strengths to remove aqueous tissue fluids

True or False

A

False

increasing strengths

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8
Q

Alcohols of various types are generally used in increasing strengths to remove aqueous tissue fluids with little disruption to the tissue caused by what?

A

caused by diffusion currents

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9
Q

What is the difference between drying and dehydration?

A
  • drying is the removal of water by evaporation from solid, semi-solid or liquid
  • dehydration involves slow substitution of the water in the tissue with an organic solvent
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10
Q

This is the removal of water by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid, or liquid

A

Drying

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11
Q

Drying is the removal of what? by what? from a what?

A

removal of water by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid, or liquid

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12
Q

This is the slow substitution of the water in the tissue with an organic solvent

A

Dehydration

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13
Q

Dehydration is the what? in the what? with a/an what?

A

is the SLOW SUBSTITUTION o f water in the TISSUE with an ORGANIC SOLVENT

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14
Q

Most dehydrating agents are weak organic solvents

True or False

A

FALSE

strong organic solvents

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15
Q

What do most dehydrating agents that are strong organic solvents bring about?

A

They bring about some SHRINKAGE and EXTRACTION of cell components

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16
Q

What must be done to minimize the effects (shrinkage and extraction of cell components) of these strong organic solvents?

A

to minimize these effects, dehydrating agents are used in graded series for short periods of time, and water is gradually replaced

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17
Q

Why must water be gradually replaced in dehydrating agents?

A

so that violent osmotic changes do not produce distortions

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18
Q

Dehydrating agents are used in graded series for long periods of time

True or False

A

FALSE

short periods of time

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19
Q

Dehydrating agents are used in a graded series for short periods of time, and water is gradually replaced so that what?

A

so that violent osmotic changes do not produce distortions

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20
Q

Dehydrating agents are used in a graded series for short periods of time, and water is gradually REPLACED so that violent osmotic changes do not produce what?

A

distortions

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21
Q

What are the7 characteristics of an IDEAL DEHYDRATING SOLUTION?

A
  • should dehydrate rapidly without producing considerable shrinkage or distortion of tissues
  • should be able to dehydrate even fatty tissues
  • should not be toxic to the body
  • should not be a fire hazard
  • should not evaporate very fast
  • should not harden tissues excessively
  • should not remove stains
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22
Q

An ideal dehydrating solution should dehydrate rapidly without producing what?

A

without producing considerable shrinkage or distortion of tissues

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23
Q

An ideal dehydrating solution should not be able to dehydrate fatty tissue

True or False

A

FALSE

should be able to dehydrate even fatty tissues

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24
Q

Ideal dehydrating solutions should be able to remove stains

True or False

A

False

should not remove stains

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25
Q

Ideal dehydrating solutions should be able to remove stains

True or False

A

False

should not remove stains

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26
Q

What is the GENERAL rule despite the dehydrating agent used?

A

the amount in each step should NOT BE LESS THAN 10 times the volume of the tissue

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27
Q

Why must the amount of dehydrating agent not be less than 10 times the volume of the tissue?

A

to ensure complete penetration of the tissue by the dehydrating solution

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28
Q

The amount in each step in dehydration should be less than 10 times the volume of the tissue

true or false

A

false

should not be less than 10 times the volume of the tissue

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29
Q

Dehydration time must be kept as long as possible

True or False

A

False

must be kept as brief as possible

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30
Q

Why must dehydration be kept as brief as possible?

A

to minimize the risk of extracting cellular constituents

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31
Q

All water miscible, anyhydrous fluid can be used as a dehydrating agent

True or False

A

FALSE

Almost any water miscible, anhydrous fluid

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32
Q

What are the 6 Commonly Used Dehydrating Agents?

D’CAATT

A
  1. Dioxane
  2. Cellosolve
  3. Acetone
  4. Alcohol
  5. Triethyl phosphate
  6. Tetrahydrofuran
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33
Q

Among the commonly used dehydrating agents, what is the MOST COMMON?

A

Alcohol

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34
Q

Ethyl alcohol is also called ….

A

ethanol

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35
Q

This is the alcohol recommended for routine dehydration of tissues

A

Ethanol/Ethyl alcohol

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36
Q

Ethyl alcohol is a clear, colorless, flammable fluid

True or False

A

True

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37
Q

This is considered to be the best dehydrating agent because it is fast-acting, it mxes with water and many organic solvents, and it penetrates tissues easily.

A

Ethyl alcohol

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38
Q

What makes ethanol the best dehydrating agent?

A
  • it is fast acting
  • It mixes with water and many ORGANIC solvents
  • It penetrates tissues easily
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39
Q

Ethanol is poisonous and not very expensive

True or False

A

False

not poisonous

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40
Q

This alcohol is a toxic dehydrating agent

A

Methyl alcohol

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41
Q

This alcohol is primarily employed for blood and tissue films and for smear preparations

A

Methyl alcohol

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42
Q

Methyl alcohol is primarily employed for what?

A

for blood and tissue films and for smear preparations

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43
Q

This alcohol is utilized in plant and animal micro-techniques

A

Butyl alcohol

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44
Q

Butyl alcohol is utilized in what?

A

utilized in plant and animal micro-techniques

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45
Q

This [alcohol] is a slow dehydrating agent

A

Butyl alcohol

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46
Q

Butyl alcohol produces less shrinkage and hardening than ethyl alchol

True or False

A

True

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47
Q

This is recommended for tissues which do not require rapid processing

A

Butyl alcohol

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48
Q

Methyl alcohol is recommended for tissues which do not require rapid processing

True or False

A

FALSE

Butyl alcohol

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49
Q

Methyl alcohol is recommended for tissues which do not require rapid processing

True or False

A

FALSE

Butyl alcohol

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50
Q

Butyl alcohol is recommended for tissues which do not require what?

A

do not require rapid processing

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51
Q

It is advisable to transfer fixed tissues directly from water or aqueous fixative directly into absolute ethanol

True or False

A

False

It is NOT advisable

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52
Q

What happens when you transfer fixed tissues directly from water or aqueous fixative directly into absolute ethanol?

A

Doing so causes a rapid removal of water which can distort the appearance of more delicate cells and structures.

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53
Q

What happens to the appearance when there is a rapid removal of water due to direct transfer of fied tissues from water or aqueous fixative into absolute ethanol?

A

the rapid removal of water can distort the appearance of more delicate cells and structures

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54
Q

What is advised to avoid the distortion of the appearance of of more delicate cells and structures?

A

It is advisable to remove water gently and allow the tissue to SLOWLY adjust to its removal

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55
Q

The more delicate the tissue, the more gently this [the removal of water] should be done

True or false

A

True

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56
Q

There is no hard and fast rule

True or False

A

True

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57
Q

In most instances, dehydration starts by placing the fixed specimen in what concentration of ethyl alcohol in water?

A

starts by placing the fixed specimen in 70% ethyl alcohol in water

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58
Q

After placing the fixed specimen in 70% ethyl alcohol, the concentration progresses to what percent?

A

progressing through 95% ethyl alcohol

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59
Q

After placing the fixed specimen in 95% ethyl alcohol, fixed specimen should, then, be placed in what percent of ethyl alcohol?

A

100% ethyl alcohol

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60
Q

In most instances, what are the increasing concentrations used?

A

70%, 95%, 100%

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60
Q

In most instances, what are the increasing concentrations used?

A

70%, 95%, 100%

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61
Q

For delicate tissues, particularly embryonic tissues, it is recommended that dehydration start with what concentration?

A

30% ethanol

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62
Q

30% ethanol is recommended for dehydrating what kind of tissues?

A

for delicate tissues, particularly embryonic tissues

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63
Q

Under no circumstances shoudla formalin-fixed tissue be trasnferred directly to higher grades of alcohol, e.g. 85-95%

True or False

A

True

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64
Q

Why must under no circumstanes should a formalin-fixed tissue be transferred directly to higher grades of alcohol?

A

because this is liable to produce considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissues leading to distortion

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65
Q

The direct transferring of formalin-fied tissues to higher grades of alcohol should not be done beause this is liable to produce considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissues leading to what?

A

leading to distortion

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66
Q

What percent are concentrated alcohols at?

A

95% or absolute

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67
Q

These alcohols tend to harden only the surface of the tissue while deeper parts are not completely penetrated

A

Concentrated alcohol (95% or absolute)

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68
Q

Why do we not use concentrated alcohols in dehydration?

A

Because concentrated alcohols tend to harden only the surface of the tissue while deeper parts are not completely penetrated

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69
Q

The hardening of only the surface of the tissue while the deeper parts are not completely penetrated will result in the what?

A

this will result in a RELATIVELY UNEQUAL IMPREGNATION of tissue with consequently poor cutting of sections

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70
Q

This will result in a relatively unequal impregnation of tissue

A

concentrated alcohols

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71
Q

The unequal impregnation of tissue will consquenty cause what?

A

poor cutting of sections

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72
Q

What must be done to avoid the unequal impregnation of tissue and poor cutting of sections?

A

70% or lower concetrations of alcohol, gradually increased to 95%, are used

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73
Q

What must be done to avoid the unequal impregnation of tissue and poor cutting of sections?

A

70% or lower concetrations of alcohol, gradually increased to 95%, are used

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74
Q

The strength of initial alcohol requiured in each concentration will depend upon the size, nature of each tissue, and fixative used

True or False

A

True

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75
Q

The strength of initial alcohol requiured in each concentration will depend upon what?

A

the size, nature of each tissue, and fixative used

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76
Q

Larger and less delicate tissues require lower concentrations and shorter intervals between changes of succeeding ascending grades of alcohol

True or False

A

False

Smaller and more delicate tissues

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77
Q

Larger and less delicate tissues require lower concentrations and shorter intervals between changes of succeeding ascending grades of alcohol

True or False

A

False

Smaller and more delicate tissues

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78
Q

What is required for smaller and more delicate tissues?

A

Lower concentrations and shorter intervals between changes of succeeding ascending grades of alcohol

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79
Q

80% is considered a very concentrated solution

True or False

A

True

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80
Q

A very concentrated solution makes tissues hard, brittle, and difficult to cut

True or false

A

True

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81
Q

A very concentrated solution (above 80%) makes tissues hard, brittle, and difficult to cut.

True or False

A

TRUE

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82
Q

Prolonged storage in lower concentrations of alcohol (below 70%) tends to macerate the tissue

True or false

A

TRUE

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83
Q

The tissue may be stored in 70-80% alcohol, although not for very long periods of time, since this may later interfere with the staining properties of the specimen

True or false

A

TRUE

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84
Q

After dehydration in 100% ethanol, it is now possible to proceed straight to wax embedding

True or false

A

FALSE

it is not possible to proceed straight to wax embedding

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85
Q

After dehydration in 100% ethanol, it is now possible to proceed straight to wax embedding

True or false

A

FALSE

it is not possible to proceed straight to wax embedding

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86
Q

Why is it not possible to proceed straight to wax embedding?

A

because ethanol and wax DO NOT MIX

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87
Q

This term refers to the property of the solvents used

A

clearing

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88
Q

This is when the tissues have a relatively high refractive index and when tissue is immersed in them

A

clearing

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89
Q

what happens to tissues when they undergo clearing?

A

the tissue becomes transparent and clear

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90
Q

For tissue preparation, two to three hours in each solution should be adequate

True or False

A

FALSE

one to two

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91
Q

For tissue preparation, two to three hours in each solution should be adequate

True or False

A

FALSE

one to two

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92
Q

Tissues with a high water content such as embryo tissue would require a much shorter time

True or False

A

TRUE

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93
Q

What is an example of a tissue with a high water content?

A

embryo tissue

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94
Q

How can we ensure the complete removal of water during dehydration?

A

Use at least two changes of 100% ethanol of at least one half hour each

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95
Q

To ensure complete removal of water during dehydration, use at least two changes of 100% ethanol of at least one hour each

True or False

A

False

at least one half hour each

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96
Q

To ensure complete removal of water during dehydration, use at least two changes of 100% ethanol of at least one hour each

True or False

A

False

at least one half hour each

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97
Q

Never leave tissues in 95 or 100% ethanol more than a total of how many hours?

A

2 hours

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98
Q

What will happen to the tissues if left in 95 or 100% ethanol more than a total of 2 hours?

A

the tissues will harden

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99
Q

Tissues can be stored in 95% ethanol at any time during an interruption in the routine

True or False

A

False

70% ethanol

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100
Q

A temperature of what will hasten dehydration time

A

37C

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101
Q

This is the temperature wherein it is especially used for tissue sections that require urgent examinations such as fragmentary biopsies

A

37C

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101
Q

This is the temperature wherein it is especially used for tissue sections that require urgent examinations such as fragmentary biopsies

A

37C

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102
Q

Ti ensure complete dehydration, what is placed in the bottom of the container?

A

A layer of anhydrous copper sulfate is placed in the bottom of the container

103
Q

How many inches deep must the layer of anhydrous copper sulfate be?

A

1/4 inch deep

104
Q

The layer of anhydrous copper sulfate is covered with what?

A

covered with filter paper

105
Q

What is the purpose of the layer of anhydrous copper sulfate?

A
  • to ensure complete dehydration
  • will accelerate dehydration
106
Q

The layer of anhydrous copper sulfate will accelerate dehydration by what?

A

by removing water from the dehydrating fluid

107
Q

This will indicate full saturation of dehydrating fluids with water

A

A blue discoloration of copper sulfate crystals

108
Q

A blue discoloration of copper sulfate crystals will indicate what?

A

a full saturation of dehydrating fluids with water

109
Q

what is the color of the discoloration of copper sulfate crystals will indicate full saturation of dehydrating fluids with water

A

A blue discoloration

110
Q

After a layer of anhydrous copper sulfate is placed in the bottom of the container and covered with filter paper, alcohol is then discarded and changed with what?

A

changed with a fresh solution

111
Q

What is the boiling point of ethanol (ethyl alcohol)?

A

78.3C

112
Q

What are the 9 advantages of ethanol?

ILMNR CAN STILL APPEAR FAST

A
  1. Inexpensive and easily obtained
  2. Little shrinkage if graded alcohols are used
  3. Miscible in all proportions with water
  4. Nontoxic
  5. Reliable
  6. Can be used on eyes and embryos, if graded alcohols are used
  7. Still considered best dehydrating solution
  8. Appears to cause less extract of cellular components in general than other agents
  9. Fast acting
113
Q

What are the 9 disadvantages of ethanol?

EEELMMMMO

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Extracts methylene blue and other thiazine dyes from sections
  3. Extracts more lipids than acetone
  4. Long periods in absolute ethanol will cause excessive shrinkage
  5. may be difficult to obtain
  6. may cause more shrinkage of specimen
  7. may react with an unreduced OsO4 remaining in specimen
  8. may have prohibitive taxes that necessitate troublesome bookkeeping
  9. Only slightly miscible with most resins
114
Q

Long periods in absolute ethanol will cause what?

A

will cause excessive shrinkage and hardening

115
Q

What is the boiling point of butanol (Butyl alcohol) ?

A

117.7C

116
Q

What are the advantages of Butanol?

ELbutanolM (LBM)

A
  • Excellent for slow processing
  • Less shrinkage and hardening than with ethyl
  • Miscible with paraffin
117
Q

What are the disadvantages of butyl alcohol?

LODS

A
  • Long periods of infiltration necessary
  • Odorous
  • Dehydrating power low
  • Slow-acting
118
Q

What is the boiling point of tertiary butanol (butyl alcohol)?

A

82.8C

119
Q

This acts as dehydrating and clearing agent in tertiary butanol

A

Universal solvent

120
Q

What are the advantages of tertiary butanol?

MUM

A
  • May be used in staining series as a dehydrating agent
  • Universal solvent
  • Mixes withh water, ethanol, xylene, and paraffin in all
121
Q

This alcohol mixes with water, ethanol, xylene, and paraffin in all

A

Tertiary butanol (Butyl alcohol)

122
Q

What are the disadvantages of tertiary butanol?

PROM

A
  • Primary infiltration must be done in half tertiary butanol and half paraffin, prior to paraffin impregnation
  • Reagent tends to solidify at room temperature or below 25C
  • Odorous
  • More expensive than butanol
123
Q

This alcohol is more expensive than butanol

A

Tertiary butanol

124
Q

With this alcohol, the reagent tends to solidify at room temperature of below 25C

A

Tertiary butanol

125
Q

With tertiary butanol, the reagent tends to solidify at what temperature?

A

solidify at room temperature or below 25C

126
Q

What is the boiling point for isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)?

A

82.3C

127
Q

What are the advantages of isopropanol?

LLLENS

A
  • Less expensive than tax-free alcohol
  • Lillie considers it “the best all-around substitute for ethyl alcohol
  • Less shrinkage and hardening than ethanol
  • Excellent substitute for ethanol
  • No government restrictions on its use
  • Sufficiently water-free to use in place of absolute ethanol
128
Q

This is the alcohol wherein Lillie considers it “the best all-around substitute for ethyl alcohol”

A

Isopropanol

129
Q

Lillie considers isopropanol as what?

A

“the best all-around substitute for ethyl alcohol”

130
Q

What are the disadvanatges of isopropanol?

Cannot Cannot

A
  • cannot be used in the celloidin technic since nitrocellulose is insoluble in it
  • cannot be used for preparing staining solutions, since dyes are not soluble in it
131
Q

Why can isopropanol cannot be used in the celloidin technic?

A

since nitrocellulose is insoluble in isopropanol

132
Q

Why can isopropanol cannot be used for preparing staining solutions?

A

since dyes are not soluble in it

133
Q

What is the boiling point of pentanol?

A

128C

134
Q

Pentanol is also known as …

A

amyl alcohol

135
Q

What are th advantages of pentanol?

MD

A
  • Miscible with 90% alcohol, toluene and xylene
  • Dissolves paraffin wax
136
Q

What are the disadvanatages of pentanol?

CNT

A
  • Cannot be used in poorly ventilated rooms
  • Not miscible with water
  • Toxic
137
Q

What is the boiling point of acetone?

A

56C

138
Q

Acetone is cheap and is a rapid-acting dehydrating agent

True or False

A

True

139
Q

Acetone is utilized for what?

A

Utilized for most urgent biopsies

140
Q

Acetone dehydrates in 1/2 to 2 hours

True or False

A

TRUE

141
Q

Acetone is a clear, colorless fluid that does not mix with water, ethanol and most organic solvents

True or False

A

FALSE

does mix with water, ethanol, and most oranic solvents

142
Q

Acetone is a clear, colorless fluid that does not mix with water, ethanol and most organic solvents

True or False

A

FALSE

does mix with water, ethanol, and most oranic solvents

143
Q

Acetone is more miscible with epoxy resins than alcohol

True or False

A

True

144
Q

Acetone is highly flammable and requires considerable care in handling

True or False

A

TRUE

145
Q

Acetone is rapid in action but penetrates tissues poorly

True or false

A

True

146
Q

Acetone causes brittleness in tissue that are placed in acetone for prolonged period of time

True or False

A

True

147
Q

What happens when a tissue is placed in acetone for a prolonged period of time?

A

it causes brittleness in tissues

148
Q

Most lipids are removed from tissues with what dehydrating agent?

A

Acetone

149
Q

The use of this dehydrating agent has been limited only to small pieces of tissues

A

Acetone

150
Q

Why is acetone only limited to small pieces of tissues?

A

due to its extreme volatility and inflammability

151
Q

Why is acetone not recommended for routine dehydration purposes?

A

Because of considerable tissue shrinkage produced

152
Q

Acetone is recommended for routine dehydration purposes

True or False

A

FALSE

not recommended for routine dehydration

153
Q

What are the advantages of acetone?

LMMNOP -> LMMDR (D looks like O, R looks like P)

A
  • Less expensive than ethanol
  • May cause less shrinkage of specimen than ethanol
  • Miscible with most embedding resins
  • Not reactive wih OsO4, remaining in specimen
  • Does not extract methylene blue and other dyes from stained sections
  • Rapid dehydrating agent
154
Q

What are the disadvantages of acetone?

Requires Volume Best Needs Absolute Uranyl Evaporates Flammable

A
  • Requires a clearing agent
  • Volume must be 20 times that of the tissue
  • Best processing requires a graded series of a mixture of acetone and xylene before one can go into paraffin
  • Needs good ventilation
  • Absolute acetone is easily contaminated with water, resulting in complete dehydration
  • Uranyl acetate and phosphotungstic acid are only soluble in dilute solutions of acetone
  • Evaporates rapidly
  • Flammable
155
Q

This is easily contaminated with water, resulting in complete dehydration

A

Absolute acetone

156
Q

Absolute acetone is easily contaminated with what?, resulting in what?

A

contaminated with water, resulting in complete dehydration

157
Q

These are only soluble in dilute solutions of acetone

A
  • Uranyl acetate
  • phosphotungstic acid
158
Q

Uranyl acetatae and phosphotungstic acid are only soluble in what?

A

only soluble in dilute solutions of acetone

159
Q

Dioxane is also known as …

A

Diethylene dioxide

160
Q

Diethylene dioxide is also knwon as …

A

Dioxane

161
Q

This is an excllent dehydrating and clearing agent readily miscible in water, melted paraffin, alcohol, and xylol

A

Dioxane

162
Q

Dioxane has a double purpose. It is excellent for what processes?

A

excellent for dehydrating and clearing agent

163
Q

Dioxane is readily miscible in what solvents?

A

readily miscible in water, melted paraffin, alcohol, and xylol

164
Q

Dioxane produces less tissue shrinkage as compared to what?

A

as compared to alcohol dehydration

165
Q

Can tissues be left in dioxane for long periods of time?

Yes or no

A

Yes

166
Q

Tissues can be left in this reagent for long periods of time without affecting the consistency or staining properties of the specimen

What reagent?

A

Dioxane

167
Q

What is the refractive index of dioxane?

A

1.42

168
Q

What is the boiling point of dioxane?

A

101.5C

169
Q

In dioxane, tissues may be placed DIRECTLY into the solution after washing out because?

A

because dioxane is miscible with both water and paraffin

170
Q

Because dioxane is miscible with water and paraffinx, tissues may be placed directly into the solution after washing out

True or False

A

True

171
Q

Tissues sections dehydrated with dioxane tend to ribbon poorly

True or False

A

True

172
Q

Aside from being expensive, what is the main disadvantage of dioxane?

A

Dioxane is also extremely dangerous

173
Q

The vapor of dioxane produes a cumulative and highly toxic action in man

True or False

A

True

174
Q

Dioxane can be used routinely

True or FALSE

A

False

should not be used routinely

175
Q

Why should dioxane not be used as as routine for dehydration?

A

Because its vapor produces a cumulative and highly toxic action in man

176
Q

The laboratory room should be properly ventilated when using dioxane

True or False

A

True

177
Q

What must be done with the residues in using dioxane?

A

all residues should be washed down in the sink

178
Q

Why should dioxane not be recycled?

A

as the risk of creating explosive peroxides increases greatly

179
Q

What are the two methods in using dioxane?

A
  1. Graupner’s method
  2. Weiseberger’s method
180
Q

What is the process in the Graupner’s method?

A
  1. Pure dioxane solution for 1 hour
  2. Pure dioxane solution for 1 hour
  3. Pure dioxane solution for 1 hour
  4. paraffin wax for 15 mins
  5. paraffin wax for 45 mins
  6. paraffin wax for 2 hours
  7. Embed in mold and cool in water
181
Q

This is the method wherein the tissue is wrapped in a gauze bag and suspended in a bottle containing dioxane and a little anhydrous calcium oxide.

A

Weiseberger’s method

182
Q

What is the process in the Weiseberger’s method?

A

Wrap tissue in a gauze bag and suspend in a bottle containing dioxane and a little anhydrous calcium oxide.

183
Q

In the Weiseberger’s method, water is displaced by dioxane and in turn absorbed by what?

A

absorbed by calcium oxide or quicklime

184
Q

The dehydration period in the Weiseberger’s method ranges from 5-24 hours.

True or False

A

FALSE

3-24 hours

185
Q

The dehydration period in the Weiseberger’s method ranges from 5-24 hours.

True or False

A

FALSE

3-24 hours

186
Q

What are the advanatages of dioxane?

DUMF

A
  • Does not harm tissue over long periods of time
  • Universal solvent - it dehydrates and clears
  • Miscible with walter, alcohol, xylene, and paraffin
  • Faster dehydrant than ethanol
187
Q

This dehydrating agent is a faster dehydrant than ethanol

A

dioxane

188
Q

What are the disadvanatages of dioxane?

NO CDC

A
  • Needs large volume for dehydration
  • Odorous
  • Costs about fo(u)r times more than absolute alcohol
  • Distorts tissue-containing cavities
  • Cumulatively toxic
189
Q

Cellosolve is also called …

A

ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

190
Q

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether is also called …

A

Cellosolve

191
Q

What is the boiling point for ethylene glycol monoethyl ether?

A

156.4C

192
Q

Cellosolve does not dehydrate rapidly

Trie or False

A

False

dehydrates rapidly

193
Q

Cellosolve does not dehydrate rapidly

Trie or False

A

False

dehydrates rapidly

194
Q

With cellosolve, the tissue may be transferred from water or normal saline DIRECTLY to cellosolve

True or False

A

TRUE

195
Q

Tissue can be stored in cellosolve for months without producing hardening or distortion

True or False

A

TRUE

196
Q

What is the caution in using ethylene glycol monoethyl ether?

A

Cellosolve is combustible at 110-120F and are toxic by inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion

197
Q

Cellosolve is combustible at what temperautre?

A

110-120F

198
Q

Cellosolve is toxic by what?

A
  • inhalation
  • skin contact
  • ingestion
199
Q

Following exposure, what in particular are vulnerable to the toxic side effects of cellosolve?

A

the reproductive, fetal, urinary, and blood systems

200
Q

What should be used instead of ethylene-based glycol ethers, if it cannot be avoided?

A

propylene-based glycol ethers

201
Q

What are the advanatages of cellosolve?

RAT

A
  • Rapid dehydrating agent
  • Avoids distortion and does not require graded dilutions
  • Tissue may remain in it for months without injury
202
Q

What are the disadvanatges of cellosolve?

ERR

A
  • Expensive
  • Rapidly absorbs water from the air
  • Requires clearing agent
203
Q

What is the boiling point of triethyl phosphate?

A

215 C

204
Q

What happens when tissues are fixed, washed and transferred DIRECTLY into triethyl phosphate solution for dehydration?

A

It removes water very readilyand produces very little distortion and hardneing of tissue

205
Q

Triethyl phosphate is soluble in what?

A
  • Water
  • ether
  • benzene
  • chloroform
  • acetone
  • xylene
206
Q

Triethyl phosphate produces minimum shrinkage

true or false

A

TRUE

207
Q

Triethyl phosphate is used to dehydrate sections and smears following certain stains

True or False

A

TRUE

208
Q

What are the advanatages of triethyl phosphate?

DDMMS

A
  • Does not harden tissue excessively
  • Displaces water readily with slight distortion
  • May be used as a dehydrating solution in the staining sequence
  • May be used in routine paraffin technic
  • Soluble in alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylene, ether, chloroform
209
Q

This dehydrating agent may be used in routine paraffin technique

A

triethyl phosphate

210
Q

This dehydrating agent may be used as a dehydrating solution in the staining sequence

A

triethyl phosphate

211
Q

what are the disadvantages of triethyl phosphate?

A

NONE

212
Q

This dehydrating agent has no disadvantages

A

triethyl phosphate

213
Q

THF is a reagent that both dehydrates and clears tissues since it is miscible in both water and paraffin

True or False

A

TRUE

214
Q

Tetrahydrofuran is a reagent that both dehydrates and clears tissues

True or False

A

TRUE

215
Q

THF is miscible in water but not in paraffin

True or False

A

FALSE

THF is miscible in both water and paraffin

216
Q

This dehydrating agent can dissolve many substances including fats

A

THF

217
Q

THF is in itself miscible with lower alcohols, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene, and xylene

True or False

A

TRUE

218
Q

This dehydrating agent may be used for demixing, clearing, and dehydrating paraffin sections befoe and after staining

A

THF

219
Q

THF may be used for demixing, clearing, and dehydrating paraffin sections only after staining

true or false

A

FALSE

before and after staining

220
Q

THF may be used for demixing, clearing, and dehydrating paraffin sections only after staining

true or false

A

FALSE

before and after staining

221
Q

THF causes less shrinkage and easier cutting of sections with fewer artifacts

True or False

A

TRUE

222
Q

THF does not dissolve out aniline dyes

true or false

A

true

223
Q

It is a fact that most staining procedures give improved results with THF

True or false

A

true

224
Q

THF is toxic if inhalaed or ingested

True or false

A

TRUE

225
Q

The vapor from THF causes what?

A
  • nausea
  • dizzinessheadache
  • anesthesia
226
Q

It is an eye and skin irritant

A

THF

227
Q

Prolonged exposure in this dehydrating agent may cause conjunctival irritation

A

THF

228
Q

Prolonged exposure of up to how many months, can THF cause conjunctival irritation?

A

up to 6 months

229
Q

Prolonged exposure (up to 6 months) to THF can cause what?

A

conjunctival irritation

230
Q

Why should processing with THF be done in a well-ventilaed room?

A

because of its offensive odor and its vapor

231
Q

What can be gloves can be suitable when using THF?

A

Teflon gloves

232
Q

The use of triethyl phosphte should be avoided if possible, as there is no practical way to absolutely protect skin against contact

True or false

A

FALSE

THF

233
Q

What are the advanatages of THF?

Solvents Better Not LRM

A
  • Solvents of mounting media
  • Better results than most universal solvents
  • NOT TOXIC
  • Low toxicity; low fire and explosion hazard
  • Rapid without excessive shrinkage and hardening
  • Miscible in all proportions with water, ether, chloroform, acetone, and the hydrocarbons xylene, toluene, and benzene
234
Q

What are the disadvantages of THF?

DEO

A
  • Dyes are not soluble in tetrahydrofuran
  • Evaporates rapidly
  • Odorous - should be used in well-ventilated room
235
Q

Tissues processing for what is commonly accomplished using ethanol as a dehydrating solvent and propylene oxide a transition fluid?

A

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

236
Q

WHAT IS USED AS A DEHYDRATING SOLVENT IN TISSUE PROCESSING FORTEM?

A

ethanol

237
Q

Propylene oxide is used as a what in tissue processing for TEM?

A

propylene oxide is used as a transition fluid

238
Q

What are the undesirable properties of ethanol [in TEM]?

A
  • ethanol solubilizes lipids
239
Q

What are the undesirable properties of ethanol [in TEM]?

A
  • ethanol solubilizes lipids
240
Q

What are the undesirable properties of propylene oxide [in TEM]?

A

propylene oxide is
- completely miscible with embedding resins
- it can infiltrate tissues readily
- reduce viscosity of embedding resin mixtures

241
Q

Propylene oxide can infiltrate tissues readily and reduce the viscosity of embedding resin mixtures because of what?

A

becuase of its low viscosity

242
Q

Propylene oxide is highly flammable, volatile, toxic, and potentially carcinogenic

True or False

A

TRUE

243
Q

It is very reactive even at low temperatures

A

Propylene oxide

244
Q

It may combine with reactive groups in cells

A

Propylene oxide

245
Q

Propylene oxide may cause certain cytochemical and staining reactions

True or False

A

TRUE

246
Q

It may react with epoxy groups and partially inhibit polymerization which adversely affects hardness and cutting properties of blocks

A

Propylene oxide

247
Q

This is a good substitute for propylene oxide

A

Acetonitrile

248
Q

Acetonitrile is a good substitute for what?

A

for propylene oxide

249
Q

It is reported to be non-carcinogenic, less toxic and not as flammable as propylene oxide

A

Acetonitrile

250
Q

Acetonitrile is freely miscible with water, alcohols, acetone, and epoxy resins

True or false

A

TRUE

251
Q

Acetonitrile interferes with epoxy polymerization

True or false

A

FALSE

does not interfere

252
Q

The resulting cured resins from aceonitrile have excellent cutting quality and beam stability

True or false

A

True

253
Q

This is an excellent dehydrating agent whose use does not necessitate modification of current techniques

A

Acetonitrile

254
Q

The high solubility of phospholipids in acetonitrile limits the loss of membrane lipids

True or false

A

FALSE

low solubility

255
Q

The low solubility of phospholipids in acetonitrile limits the loss of membrane lpids which leads to what?

A

leads to a better preservation of tissue features

256
Q

Acetonitrile is a dehydrating agent for cells prepared for WHAT?

A

prepared for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

257
Q

It is used as a dehydrating agent for cells prepared for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A

Acetonitrile

HISTOPATH LEC (7 decks)

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