CHAPTER 3

Question 1

What do you call to the microscopic study of the normal tissues of the body?

Answer 1

Histology

Question 2

It is the microscopic study of tissues affected by disease.

Answer 2

Histopathology

Question 3

The procedures adopted for the preparation of material for such studies are known as?

Answer 3

histologic or histopathologic techniques

Question 4

It is the simplest, least invasive test and uses the smallest needle to simply remove cells from the area of abnormality.

Answer 4

Fine needle aspiration

Question 5

It is a technique that removes not only cells, but also a small amount of the surrounding tissue.

Answer 5

core needle biopsy

Question 6

Technique that takes out even more surrounding tissue. It takes out some of the abnormality, but not all.

If the lesion is found to be cancerous, further surgery may be needed to

Answer 6

incisional biopsy

Question 7

Technique that generally removes the entire area in question.

Answer 7

excisional biopsy

Question 8

A primary technique for obtaining
diagnostic full-thickness skin specimens.

Answer 8

Punch biopsy

It requires basic general
surgical and suture-tying skills

Question 9

It is where small fragments of tissue are “shaved” from a surface (usually skin).

Answer 9

Shave biopsy

Question 10

It is where tissue is scooped or spooned to remove tissue or growths from body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal.

Answer 10

Curettings

Question 11

Specimens are usually received in fixative (preservative) but sometimes they arrive fresh and must be immediately fixed.

True or False

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Once tissues are removed from the body, their proteins and cells are digested and broken down by their own enzymes, independent of a bacterial action. What do you call this process?

Answer 12

autolysis

retarded by cold and accelerated at room temperature. It is more severe

Question 13

Preserved tissues are usually examined when
there is an immediate need for evaluation.

True or False

Answer 13

False

Fresh tissues are usually examined when
there is an immediate need for e

Question 14

What are some of the advantages of examining fresh tissue?

Answer 14

• Can be examined in the living state
• allow protoplasmic activities such as motion, mitosis, and phagocytosis to be observed.

Question 15

Give the disadvantage of using fresh tissues

Answer 15

• tissues examined in the fresh state are not permanent
• liable to develop the changes that have usually been observed after death

Question 16

What are the Methods of Fresh Tissue Examination?

Answer 16

• Teasing or Dissociation
• Squash Preparation (Crushing)
• Smear Preparation
• Touch Preparation (Impression Smear)

Question 17

It is a process whereby a selected tissue specimen is immersed in isotonic salt solution such as normal saline or Ringer’s solution in a petri dish or watch glass, carefully dissected with a needle and separated by direct or zigzag spread using an applicator stick.

Answer 17

Teasing or Dissociation

Question 18

Types of microscopy used for teasing or dissociation

Answer 18

Phase Contrast or Bright Field microscopy

Question 19

Use of the phase contrast microscope greatly increases the structural detail of the cells examined in the living state, allowing movement and mitotic division to be observed.

True or False

Answer 19

True

Question 20

It is a process whereby small pieces of tissue (not more than one mm. in diameter) are placed in a microscopic slide and forcibly compressed with another slide or with a cover glass.

Answer 20

Squash Preparation (Crushing)

Question 21

Smear preparations can be made permanent by fixing them while still wet, staining them to demonstrate specific structures and inclusions, and mounting the cleared specimen beneath a cover glass with a suitable mounting medium.

True or False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

It is a type of smear preparation where -With an applicator stick or a platinum loop, the material is rapidly and gently applied in a direct or zigzag line throughout the slide, attempting to obtain a relatively uniform distribution of secretion.

Answer 22

Streaking

Question 23

A method of smear preparation where a selected portion of the material is transferred to a clean slide and gently spread into a moderately thick film by teasing the mucous strands apart with an applicator stick.

Answer 23

Spreading

It is a little more tedious than streaking, but has the advantage of mai

Question 24

This is done by placing a drop of secretion or sedimentupon one slide and facing it to another clean slide. The material disperses evenly over the surface of the two slides.

Answer 24

Pull-Apart

Question 25

This is a special method of smear preparation whereby the surface of a freshly cut piece of tissue is brought into contact and pressed on to the surface of a clean glass slide, allowing the cells to be transferred directly to the slide for examination

Answer 25

Touch Preparation (Impression Smear)

Question 26

It is necessary to
get a rapid diagnosis of a pathologic process.

Answer 26

Frozen Section

Question 27

Immediate diagnosis is accomplished through the use of a frozen section, especially in (blank) to help the surgeon in choosing his next plan of action.

Answer 27

intra-operative pathology

Question 28

What is the atmospheric temperature on a cryostat or a cold
chamber?

Answer 28

-10° to -20° C

Question 29

For histochemistry, paraffin sections give much faster results than cryostat sections.

Answer 29

False

For histochemistry, cryostat sections give much faster results than para

Question 30

What are the advantages of the frozen section method?

Answer 30

rapid processing time with less equipment requirement, and less need for ventilation in the laboratory.

Question 31

GIve the disadvantage of frozen section method

Answer 31

the relatively poor quality of the final slide

Question 32

This can cause distortion of tissue due to ice crystal artifacts.

Answer 32

Slow freezing

Question 33

Method of freezing where it is generally used in histochemistry and during intra-operative procedures, and is the most rapid of the commonly available freezing agents.

Answer 33

Liquid nitrogen

Question 34

The majority of non-fatty unfixed tissues are sectioned well at temperatures?

Answer 34

between -10C and -25°C

Question 35

One problem with the use of liquid nitrogen

Answer 35

causes a vapor phase to form around the tissue, acting as an insulator that causes uneven cooling of tissue, particularly of muscle biopsies, and making diagnostic interpretation
difficult.

Question 36

an apparatus used in fresh tissue
microtomy

Answer 36

Cryostat

Question 37

The cryostat consists of an insulated microtome housed in an electrically driven refrigerated chamber and maintained at what temperature?

Answer 37

-20C

Question 38

The optimum working temperature of cryostat is…

Answer 38

-18 to -20°C

Question 39

In Mounting of Tissue Block, these are generally used as mounting media for tissue blocks that need to be sectioned on a cryostat.

Answer 39

Synthetic water-soluble glycols and resins

Question 40

plastic dispensers temperature range for brain, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, uterine curetting, soft cellular tumors

Answer 40

-5 to -15°C

Question 41

plastic dispensers temperature for non-fatty breast tissue, ovary, prostate, tongue, and
GI tract;

Answer 41

-15 to -25°C

Question 42

plastic dispensers temperature for fatty breast and omental tissue

Answer 42

-35°C

Question 43

What is the thickness of the tissue block?

Answer 43

2-4 mm

Question 44

It is a special way of preserving tissues by rapid freezing (quenching) of fresh tissue at -160°C and subsequently removing ice water molecules (dessication) by transferring the still frozen tissue block into a vacuum chamber at a higher temperature, e.g. -40°C (sublimation) without the use of any chemical fixative.

Answer 44

Freeze-drying

generally time-consuming and expensive.

Question 45

It is a process of dehydration, performed at temperatures low enough to avoid the formation of ice crystals and to circumvent the damaging effects observed after ambient-temperature dehydration.

Answer 45

Freeze-substitution