Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HISTOPATH LEC > CHAPTER 12: MICROTOMY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12: MICROTOMY Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which processed tissue, most commonly a paraffin embedded tissue, is trimmed and cut into uniformly thin slices or “sections”

A

Microtomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This process is done to facilitate studies under the microscope

A

Microtomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The basic instrument used in microtomy

A

microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It is capable of cutting a section at a predetermined thickness by sliding the block into a cutting tool

A

Microtomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is a microtome used?

A
  • by sliding the block into a cutting tool
  • usually a steel knife, glass or diamond blade which is fixed and attached to the machine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 essential parts of a microtome?

BPK

A
  1. Block holder
  2. Pawl, Ratchet Feed wheel and Adjustment Screws
  3. Knife carrier and knife
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 essential parts of a microtome?

BPK

A
  1. Block holder
  2. Pawl, Ratchet Feed wheel and Adjustment Screws
  3. Knife carrier and knife
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This is the part of the microtome where the tissue is held in position

A

Block holder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This is the part of the microtome for actual cutting of tissue sections

A

Knife carrier and knife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This is the part of the microtome to line up the tissue block in proper position with the knife, adjusting the proper thickness of the tissue for successive sections

A

Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is the part of the microtome to line up the tissue block in proper position with the knife, adjusting the proper thickness of the tissue for successive sections

A

Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Whatever the type of microtome is used, what is the principle that remains essentially the same?

A
  1. a spring-balanced teeth or pawl is brought into contact with,
  2. and turns a ratchet feed wheel connected to a micrometer screw,
  3. which is in turn rotated,
  4. moving the tissue block at a predetermined distance toward the knife
  5. for cutting sections at uniform thickness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 5 kinds of microtomes?

RRUF CS

A
  • Rocking microtome
  • Rotary microtome
  • Ultrathin microtome
  • Cryostat/Cold microtome
  • Sliding microtome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

These microtome/s are used for cutting paraffin embedded tissues?

A
  • Rotary microtome
  • Rocking microtome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This microtome is used for cutting serial sections of large blocks of paraffin embedded tissues

A

Rocking microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Used for cutting paraffin embedded sections

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Used for cutting celloidin embedded sections

A

Sliding microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Used for cutting unembedded frozen sections

A

Freezing microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Used for cutting frozen sections

A

Cryostat/Cold microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Used for cutting section for Electron Microscopy

A

Ultrathin microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Another name for rocking microtome

A

Cambridge microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Another term for rotary microtome

A

Minot microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who invented the Rocking (Cambridge) microtome?

A

Paldwell Trefall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When was the Rocking (Cambridge) microtome invented?

A

1881

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This microtome is the simplest among the different types of microtomes

A

Rocking microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

This microtome consists of a heavy base and two arms

A

Rocking microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which arm of the rocking microtome rests on pivots and a supporting column?

A

The lower arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The lower arm of the rocking microtome rests on what?

A

rests on pivots and a supporting column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The pivots and the supporting column of the lower arm of the rocking microtome is attached to the what?

A

attached to the micrometer screw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The lower arm is found at the base

true or false

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is the racthet wheel with the feed mechanism of the rocking microtome found?

A

at the base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which arm of the rocking microtome is connected to a lever by a piece of nylon thread?

A

Upper arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which arm of the rocking microtome carries the block holder on one end by means of a screw?

A

Upper arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The upper arm of the rocking microtome carries the block holder on one end by means of a what?

A

means of a screw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The upper arm is connected to a what?

A

connected to a lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The upper arm is connected to a lever by what?

A

connected to a lever by a piece of nylon thread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When the lever of the rocking microtome is pulled backward, the pawl is brought in contact with the ratchet wheel

true or false

A

When the lever is pulled forward

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When the lever of the rocking microtome is pulled forward, what is brought in contact with the ratchet wheel?

A

Pawl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Specifically, the millhead micrometer scre is attached to what?

A

ratchet wheel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The lower arm of the rocking microtome is elevated, which in turn raises the upper arm at its fulcrum

True or False

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens when the lower arm of the rocking microtome is elevated?

A

carries the the chuck or block holder forward, towards the knife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

This causes the upper arm to return to its normal position

A

tension on the spring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What causes tension on the spring of the rocking microtome?

A

As the pressure on the operating handle or lever is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the normal position of the upper arm of the rocking microtome?

A

an arc of a circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

A section is thereby cut as the tissue passes to the knife edge in a slightly curved plane

True or False

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

A section is thereby cut as the tissue passes to the knife edge in a slightly curved plane, in how thick?

A

10-12 u thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

This microtome is available in two sizes

A

Cambridge rocking microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

This microtome has been used to cut small and LARGE blocks of paraffin blocks?

A

Cambridge rocking microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

This microtome is theoretically NOT recommended for serial sections

A

Cambridge rocking microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why is the cambridge rocking microtome not recommended for serial sections?

A

since tissues are cut in SLIGHTLY CURVES PLANES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

This kind of microtome is NOT currently favored by most laboratories

A

Cambridge rocking microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 2 reasons why the Cambridge rocking microtome not currently favours by most laboratories?

A
  1. Because of the restrictions in size of tissue block that CAN be cut
  2. The difficulty of reorienting the block
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Who invented the rotary microtome?

A

Minot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

When was the rotary microtome invented?

A

1885-1886

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

This microtome is used to cut paraffin embedded tissues

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

This microtome is currently the MOST COMMON type used for BOTH routine and research laboratories

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

This microtome is the most common type used especially for sectioning paraffin-embedded tissues

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

These microtomes are now available and can be IDEALLY used to produce RIBBONS for SERIAL SECTIONS

A

Electrically driven rotary microtomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The device operates with a staged rotary action such that the actual cutting is part of the rotary motion

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

In a rotary microtome, the knife is fixed in what position?

A

in a horizontal position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

In rotary microtomes, although the flywheel in many microtomes can be operated manually, they are generally automated or semi-automated.

True or False

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In rotary microtomes, how are section typically cut?

A

between 3 and 5 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Typically, sections are cut between 3 and 5 um using what?

A

using paraffin wax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Typically, sections are cut between 3 and 5 um using what?

A

using paraffin wax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

This microtome is used for diagnostic histology

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

In rotary microtome, thinner sections can be attained if samples are embedded in what?

A

embedded in synthetic resin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

In rotary microtome, thicker sections can be attained if samples are embedded in synthetic resin

True or False

A

Thinner sections

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

How is the Rotary microtome is different from rocking microtome?

A

the knife and the block holder are brought together by UPWARD and VERTICAL motions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The knife and the block holder of the Rotary microtome are brought together by what motions?

A

upward and vertical motions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

The knife and the block holder of the rotary microtome are brought together by upward and vertical motions, cutting sections in a perfectly flat plane

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

These microtomes allow excellent serial sections to be cut

A
  • rotary microtome
  • sliding microtome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

This microtome is heavier than the rocking microtome

A

rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

This microtome is more complex in design and construction, and is therefore more expensive

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Sliding microtomes may be used for cutting large blocks of tissues although results are better when the rotary microtome is used

TRUE OR FALSE

A

Better results when the sliding microtome is used

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Sliding microtomes may be used for cutting large blocks of tissues although results are better when the rotary microtome is used

TRUE OR FALSE

A

Better results when the sliding microtome is used

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Rotary microtomes may be used for cutting large blocks

true or false

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

The knife of the rotary microtome is placed in a what?

A

placed in a blade-up position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

The knife of the rotary microtome is placed in a what?

A

placed in a blade-up position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Rotary microtome is relatively dangerous because the knife is placed in a bladed-up position

true or false

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Both manual and electrically driven models are now available for cutting what?

A

for cutting ultrathin sections and for cryostat use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

This microtome uses a heavier knife

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

This microtome has less vibrations

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Why are there less vibrations for rotary microtome?

A

because a heavier knife is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The cutting angle (tilt) of the knife is adjustable, so it can cut harder tissue. What is microtome?

A

Rotary microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Rotary microtomes cannot cut celloidin-embedded sections

True or false

A

can cut celloidin-embedded sections

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Rotary microtomes cannot cut celloidin-embedded sections

True or false

A

can cut celloidin-embedded sections

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Rotary microtomes can cut celloidin-embedded section by using a what?

A

by using a special holder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

In rotary microtomes, what is the use of the special holder in cutting celloidin-embedded sections?

A

to set the knife obliquely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

In rotary microtomes, what is the use of the special holder in cutting celloidin-embedded sections?

A

to set the knife obliquely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What are the 2 types/models of the sliding microtome??

A
  1. Base-Sledge Microtome
  2. Standard Sliding microtome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are the 2 types/models of the sliding microtome??

A
  1. Base-Sledge Microtome
  2. Standard Sliding microtome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

When was the sliding microtome invented?

A

1789

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Who invented the sliding microtome?

A

Adams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What type of sliding microtome consists of two movable pillars?

A

Base-Sledge microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

The base-sledge microtome consists of two movable pillars that hold the adjustable knife clamps, allowing the nife to be set at an angle for cutting celloidin sections

True or False

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

The chuck or block holder of the base-sledge microtome is set on a what?

A

on a heavy metal base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

The chuck or block holder of the base-sledge microtome is set on a heavy metal base which can be moved backwards and forwards under the knife

true or false

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What type of sliding microtome is favored in laboratories where very hard tissue or large blocks are usually sectioned?

A

Base-sledge microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

This is suited for sectioning specimens embedded in ALL FORMS OF MEDIA, especially for cutting section from tough tissue blocks which may offer great resistance to the knife

A

Base-Sledge microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

In sliding microtomes, why are larger sections more easily cut with the knife that is set at an angle?

A

due to less resistance offered by the block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

This microtome was originally designed for cutting sections of very large blocks (i.e., whole brain)

A

Base-Sledge microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

These microtomes cut in a perfectly flat plane

A
  • Sliding microtome (Base-sledge microtome
  • rotary microtome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

This microtome is comparatively heavier and more stable than the ordinary sliding microtome

A

Base-Sledge microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

In Base-Sledge microtome, the angle of the knife is adjustable

true or false

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

How long is the knife of a Base-Sledge microtome?

A

24 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

The long knife of a base-Sledge microtome requires more honing

True or False

A

Less honing

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

The long knife of a base-Sledge microtome requires more honing

True or False

A

Less honing

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What is the cutting angle of a rotary microtome?

A

tilted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What is the angle of the knife of a base-sledge microtome?

A

slanted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

These microtomes under base-sledge microtomes are electrically driven

A

Modern models of heavy duty base sledge microtomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

These microtomes are ideal for resin-embedded decalcified bones

A

Modern models of heavy duty base-sledge microtomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What is the difference between a base-sledge microtome and a standard sliding microtome?

A
  • With a base sledge mirotome, the block can be moved backwards and forwards under the knife
  • while with a standard sliding microtome, the block remains stationary while the knife is moved backward and forward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

This type of sliding microtome was developed mainly for cutting celloidin-embedded tissue blocks

A

Standard sliding microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

This type of sliding microtome is inherently MORE dangerous because of the movable knife, which makes it diffiicult to attach knife guards

A

Standard sliding microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Why is the Standard sliding microtome inherently MORE dangerous?

A

because of the movable knife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

In both base-sledge microtome and standard sliding microtome, the knife can be set obliquely for large refractory paraffin blocks or straigh for celloidin sections

True or false

A

obliquely for celloidin sections; straight for large refractory paraffin blocks

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

In both base-sledge microtome and standard sliding microtome, the knife can be set obliquely for large refractory paraffin blocks or straigh for celloidin sections

True or false

A

obliquely for celloidin sections; straight for large refractory paraffin blocks

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

For both standard sliding microtome and base-sledige microtomes, how must the knife be set for cutting both large and small tissues with ease?

A

knife must be set straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

These microtomes are especially recommended for cutting EXTREMELY hard and r(t)ough tissue blocks

A

Sliding microtomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

It is the most dangerous type of microtome due to the movable exposed knife

A

Sliding microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

A quick but very steady motion is required to manipulate the sliding microtome

True or false

A

A slow but very steady motion

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

A quick but very steady motion is required to manipulate the sliding microtome

True or false

A

A slow but very steady motion

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Who invented the freezing microtome?

A

Queckett

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

When was the freezing microtome invented?

A

1848

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

The stage of a freezing microtome is hollow

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

A second cooling device for lowringhe temperature of the knife is also incorporated in most machines to facilitate sectioning in this type of microtome

A

Freezing microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

It is used to cut undehydrated thin to semi-thin sections of fresh, frozen tissues

A

Freezing microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

This type of microtome is especially used in instances when rapid diagnosis is required

A

Freezing microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

This type of microtome is used when histological demonstration of fat is needed

A

Freezing microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

This type of microtome is used when certain neurological structures are to be studied

A

Freezing microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

This type of microtome is used when sensitive tissue constituents to be studied are damaged or destroyed by heat

A

freezing microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

this microtome will give the best results and is used almost universally for cutting frozen sections

A

freezing microtome

131
Q

This is equipped with stage upon which tissue can be quickly frozen using either liquid carbon dioxide, from a cylinder or a low temperature recirculating coolant.

A

freezing microtome

132
Q

Why does the freezing microtome differ from other microtomes?

A

because the knife is moved whilst the tissue block remain static

133
Q

This microtome is similar to the sliding microtome

A

freezing microtome

134
Q

this microtome is similar to the freezing microtome

A

sliding microtome

135
Q

this microtome is similar to the freezing microtome

A

sliding microtome

136
Q

This is a refrigerated apparatus used for freezing tissue into the block holder to the correct degree of hardness that allows for easier and faster sectioning

A

Cryostat

137
Q

What microtome is usually used in a cryostat or cold microtome?

A

rotary microtome

138
Q

What microtome is usually used in a cryostat or cold microtome?

A

rotary microtome

139
Q

this microtome consists of a microtome which is kept inside a cold chamber

A

cryostat or cold microtome

140
Q

At what temperature must the cold chamber of the cryostat be maintained at?

A

-5 to -30 degC (average is -20 degC)

141
Q

At what temperature must the cold chamber of the cryostat be maintained at?

A

-5 to -30 degC (average is -20 degC)

142
Q

the cryostat is capable of freezing fres tissues within how many minutes?

A

2-3 minutes

143
Q

What is the size of the section that a cryostat produces?

A

4 u

144
Q

All controls in the cold microtome are operated from outside the refrigerated cabinet

true or false

A

true

145
Q

This microtome provides a means of preparing thin sections of fresh frozen tissues especially for fluorescent antibody sharing techniques

A

Cryostat

146
Q

This microtome is used for histochemical enzyme studies

A

cryostat or cold microtome

147
Q

This microtome is commonly used for rapid preparation of urgent tissue biopsies for intraoperative diagnosis

A

cryostat

148
Q

The cold microtome is often housed in the frozen section room close to the operating room to allow DIRECT CONSULTTION between who?

A

direct consultation between the surgeon and pathologist

149
Q

Sections using a cryostat are usually transferred indirectly from the microtome knife to a slide or cover glass, all of which are maintained at a low temperature

True or false

A

transferred directly from the microtome knife to a slide or cover glass

false

150
Q

Sections using a cryostat are usually transferred indirectly from the microtome knife to a slide or cover glass, all of which are maintained at a low temperature

True or false

A

transferred directly from the microtome knife to a slide or cover glass

false

151
Q

this microtome is equipped with a glass or gem grade diamond knife

A

ultrathin microtome

152
Q

this is used to cut very thin sections

A

ultrathin microtome

153
Q

typically, ultrathin microtome produce what sizes of sections?

A

60 to 100 nanometers

154
Q

the very thin sections of tissue in ultrathin microtomes are embedded in what?

A

embedded in epoxy resin

155
Q

Section in ultrathin microtomes are stained with what?

A

stained with aqueous solution of an APPROPRIATE HEAVY METAL SALT

156
Q

Sections from ultrathin mirotomes are examined using a what?

A

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

157
Q

The ultrathin microtome also uses what materials to cut semi-thin sections prior to thin sectioning

A

uses a gladd knife or an industrial grade diamond knife

158
Q

The ultrathin microtome is also used with a glass knife or an industrial grade diamond knife to cut thick sections after thick sectioning

true or false

A

to cut thin sections; prior to thin sectioning

false

159
Q

The ultrathin microtome is also used with a glass knife or an industrial grade diamond knife to cut thick sections after thick sectioning

true or false

A

to cut semi-thin sections; prior to thin sectioning

false

160
Q

The semi-thin sections produced in ultrathin microtomes are usually how thick?

A

0.5 to 1 um thick

161
Q

semi-thin sections in ultrathin microtomes are mounted on a what?

A

mounted on a glass slide

162
Q

To located areas of interest in ultrathin microtomes, sections are viewed under what microscope?

A

under a light microscope

163
Q

semi-thin sections of a ultrathin microtome are viewed under a ight microscope after thin sectioning for the TEM

true or false

A

prior to thin sectioning

false

164
Q

semi-thin sections of a ultrathin microtome are viewed under a ight microscope after thin sectioning for the TEM

true or false

A

prior to thin sectioning

false

165
Q

Thin sectioning for the TEM is often done with a what?

A

with a gem quality diamond knife

166
Q

Trimming and section-cutting are done with a what?

A

microtome knife

167
Q

Trimming and section-cutting are done with a what?

A

microtome knife

168
Q

What are the three basic types of microtome knives?

A
  1. Plane-concave knife
  2. biconcave knife
  3. Plane-wedge
169
Q

how long is the measurement of a plane-concave knife?

A

25 mm in length

170
Q

how long is the measurement of a biconcave knife?

A

120 mm in length

171
Q

how long is the measurement of a plane-wedge knife?

A

100 mm in length

172
Q

This knife is flat on one side while the other is concave

A

plane-concave knife

173
Q

Less concave sides are recommended for cutting what kind of tissue blocks?

A

celloidin-embedded tissue blocks

174
Q

Less concave sides cut celloidin-embedded tissue blocks on what microtome?

A

on a sliding microtome

175
Q

More concave sides are used to cut what?

A

to cut paraffin sections

176
Q

More concave sides are used to cut paraffin sections on a what?

A
  • base sledge microtome (slidiing microtome)
  • rotary microtome
  • rocking microtome
177
Q

this knife has have both concave sides

A

biconcave knife

178
Q

This microtome knife is recommended for cutting paraffin-embedded sections on a rotary microtome

A

biconcave knife

179
Q

This microtome knife is recommended for cutting paraffin-embedded sections on a rotary microtome

A

biconcave knife

180
Q

A biconcave knife is recommended for cutting paraffin-embedded sections using what microtome?

A

rotary microtome

181
Q

This microtome have both straight sides

A

plane-wedge knife

182
Q

this knife is 100 mm in length

A

plane-wedge knife

183
Q

this knife is 25 mm in length

A

plane-concave knife

184
Q

this microtome knife is 120 in length

A

biconcave knife

185
Q

this microtome knife is 120 in length

A

biconcave knife

186
Q

this microtome knife is recommended for frozen sections or for cuttingg extremely hard and tough specimens embedded in paraffin blocks

A

plane-wedge knife

187
Q

Plane-wedge knives are recommended for what?

A

for frozen sections or for cuttingg extremely hard and tough specimens

188
Q

Plane-wedge knives are recommended for what?

A

for frozen sections or for cuttingg extremely hard and tough specimens

189
Q

Plane-wedge knives are recommended for frozen sections or for cuttingg extremely hard and tough specimens embedded in what?

A

embedded in paraffin blocks

190
Q

Plane-wedge knives are recommended for frozen section or for cutting extremely hard and tough specimens embedded in paraffin blocks using what microtome?

A

using a base-sledge microtome or sliding microtome

191
Q

These knives are usually provided with backs

A
  • plane wedge knives
  • plane concave knives
192
Q

What is the purpose of backs in plane wedge and plane concave knives?

A

to maintain the CORRECT BEVEL ANGLE throughout honing

193
Q

Detachable handles may bbe attached to the knife during sharpening

true or false

A

true

194
Q

There is a cutting facet (bevel) found on what part of all knives?

A

found on the tapered edges of all knives

195
Q

This is found on the tapered edges of all knives

A

cutting facet (bevel)

196
Q

The sides of the cutting facet are less acutely inclined towards each other than the side proper

true or false

A

more acutely inclined

false

196
Q

The sides of the cutting facet are less acutely inclined towards each other than the side proper

true or false

A

more acutely inclined

false

197
Q

The cutting facet found on the tapered edge of all knives form the actual cutting edge of all knives

true or false

A

TRUE

198
Q

The angle formed between the cutting edges is known as the what?

A

“Bevel angle”

199
Q

Normally, what is the angle of the “Bevel Angle”?

A

27 to 32 degrees

200
Q

Such angle (Bevel angle) is maintained for each knife by means of a what?

A

means of a slide-on back

201
Q

This is a spring-loaded semi-circular metal sheet slipped on to the nife with one or more plane surfaces (plane wedge or plane-concave)

A

Slide-on back

202
Q

What is the purpose of a slide-on back?

A

to hold the cutting edge at a constant, correct angle during the process of honing and stropping

203
Q

Each knife should have its own corresponnding back which may be interchanged with another, to keep the bevel angle

true or false

A

SHOULD NOT BE INTERCHANGED

FALSE

203
Q

Each knife should have its own corresponnding back which may be interchanged with another, to keep the bevel angle

true or false

A

SHOULD NOT BE INTERCHANGED

FALSE

204
Q

A good cutting edge should be made of what?

A

good quality steel

205
Q

This should be made of good quality steel

A

good cutting edge

206
Q

These kinds of cutting edges are likely to become dull easily

A

too soft cutting edges

207
Q

Too hard edges are likely to produce what?

A
  • likely to produce nicks or jagged edges
  • irregularities on the knife edge
  • tears or striation on the tissue sections during cutting
208
Q

These produces tears or striations on the tissue secions during cutting

A

too hard edges

209
Q

A good cutting edge must be able to cut good sections form a paraffin wax block of about how thick?

A

2-3 microns thick

210
Q

A good cutting edge must be able to cut good sections with only few serrations noted on examination

true or false

A

WITHOUT SERRATIONS

FALSE

210
Q

A good cutting edge must be able to cut good sections with only few serrations noted on examination

true or false

A

WITHOUT SERRATIONS

FALSE

211
Q

Safety razor blades may be used for what?

A
  • for partially calcified materials
  • paraffin sections
  • frozen sections
212
Q

These may be used for partially calcified materials, paraffin and frozen sections

A

safety razor blades

213
Q

They are readily replaced when dull, and produce similarly good tissue sections as those cut with microtome knives

A

safety razor blades

214
Q

Safety razor blades are unsatisfactory for sections more than 10 u

true or false

A

less than 10 u

false

214
Q

Safety razor blades are unsatisfactory for sections more than 10 u

true or false

A

less than 10 u

false

215
Q

Theoretically, the perfect and optimum cutting angle is obtained when the SIDES of the wedge knife ARE INCLINED at an angle of what?

A

15 degrees

216
Q

When the sides of the wedge knife are inclined at an angle of 15 degrees, this causes maximum distortion and minimizing the penetration of the tissues

true or false

A

maximum penetration of the tissues and minimizing distortion

217
Q

What must be done to prevent uneven sections, or alternate thin and thick section?

A

the knife should be INCLINED WITH A 5-10 degree clearance angle

218
Q

What is the measurement of the clearance angle?

A

5-10 degrees

219
Q

To prevent uneven sections, or alternate thin and thick sections, the knife should be inclined with a 5-10 degree clearance angle from the cutting facet so that the cutting plane will NOT COMPRESS THE BLOCK dduring the process of trimming

True or false

A

should be inclined with a 5-10 degree clearance angle from the CUTTING PLANE so that the CUTTING FACET will not compress the block during the process of CUTTING

false

220
Q

The cutting edge must be thicker than the section being cut

true or false

A

must be thinner than the sectionn being cut

false

221
Q

A good cutting edge muust be sharp enough to cut good sections from a paraffin wax block of how thick?

A

4 u thick

222
Q

A good cutting edge muust be sharp enough to cut good sections from a paraffin wax block at 4 u thick without causing what?

A

without causing serrations

222
Q

A good cutting edge muust be sharp enough to cut good sections from a paraffin wax block at 4 u thick without causing what?

A

without causing serrations

223
Q

This should be removed from the microtome when the instrument is left unattended or when clearing the instrument

A

the knife or blade

224
Q

How can the knife or blade be removed from the microtome when the instrument is left unattended or when cleaning the instrument?

A

Best done by unclamping the blade using the blade ejector on the left side of the guard to start moving the blade laterally out of the clamp

225
Q

When removing the knife or blade, this is best done by unclamping the what?

A

unclamping the blade

226
Q

When removing the knife or blade, this is best done by unclamping the blade, the using the BLADE EJECTOR on the right side of the guard to start moving the blade laterally in the clamp

true or false

A

on the left side of the guard to start moving the blade laterally out of the clamp

false

226
Q

When removing the knife or blade, this is best done by unclamping the blade, the using the BLADE EJECTOR on the right side of the guard to start moving the blade laterally in the clamp

true or false

A

on the left side of the guard to start moving the blade laterally out of the clamp

false

227
Q

For what reason must badly nicked knives with blunted ends have to undergo sharpening?

A
  1. to ensure optimum sectioning of tissue blocks
  2. to prevent gross irregularities on the tissue sections
228
Q

Jagged edges, if not corrected, produce what?

A

produce tears or striations in tissue sections

229
Q

What are the 2 stages of sharpening the knife?

A
  1. honing
  2. stropping
230
Q

This involves the removal of gross nicks on the knife edge

A

honing

231
Q

this knd of honing is to remove blemishes

A

coarse honing

232
Q

This kind of honing is to acuire an even edge

A

honing proper

233
Q

the degree of sharpness is proportional to the fineness of the abrasive used in sharpening

true or false

A

true

234
Q

the degree of sharpness is proportional to the fineness of what?

A

fineness of the abrasive

235
Q

This is a natural sharpening stone or hard grinding surface

A

hone

236
Q

the hard grinding surface is called a what?

A

carborundum

237
Q

this serves to remove nicks and irregularities on the knife edges

A

hone

238
Q

What are the types of hones?

A
  1. Belgium Yellow
  2. Arkansas
  3. Fine carborundum
239
Q

This type of hone is for manual sharpening when cutting edge has been rendered blunt or nicked

A

Belgium yellow

240
Q

this type of hone usually gives the best result

A

belgium yellow

241
Q

This type of hone gives more polishing effect than the belgium yellow

A

arkansas

242
Q

This type of hone is much coarser

A

Fine caborundum

243
Q

This type of hone is used ONLY FOR BADLY NICKED KNIVES followed by either belgium yellow or arkansas

A

fine carborundum

244
Q

The surface of the hone is wiped clean with what?

A

with a soft cloth moistened with xylene

245
Q

Why is the surface of the hone wiped clean with a soft cloth moistened with xylene?

A

to remove the scattered small particles of stones and metal

246
Q

After wiping he surface of the hone clean with a soft cloth moistened with xylene, what is done after?

A

cover the thin film of mineral and clove oil, xylene, liquid paraffin or soapy water

247
Q

Mineral and clove oil, xylene, liquid paraffin or soapy water is used to cover the surface of the hone for what purpose?

A

for lubrication

248
Q

These are used for lubrication when covering the surface of the hones

MC SoLiXy

A
  1. Mineral and clove oil
  2. Soapy water
  3. Liquid paraffin
  4. Xylene
249
Q

the “heel” is the head portion

true or false

A

handle portion

false

250
Q

the “heel” (handle end) is drawn obliquiely or diagonally towards the operator on the stone until the “toe” (head portion) is reached

true or false

A

true

251
Q

In honing, the knife is then turned over, and the other surface is again drawn backward, EDGE FIRST, with a HEEL TO TOE direction

true or false

A

drawn forward

false

252
Q

This may be used to prevent movement of the hone during honing

A

a damp cloth

253
Q

light lubricating oil or soapy water is used for lubrication

true or false

A

TRUE

254
Q

The knife complete with handle and backing sheath is laid on the hone with the cutting edge facing away from the operator and the heel roughly at the center of the nearest of hone

true or false

A

true

255
Q

The knife is held with thumb on the back and forefinger on the front surface

true or false

A

true

256
Q

in honing, the minot or plane-wedge knife, the knife is turned over as to sharpen the other surface every how many strokes?

A

10 - 20 strokes

257
Q

for these knives, the knife is turned over as to sharpen the other surfaceevey 10-20 strokes

A

in minot or plane-wedge knives

258
Q

for these knives, only the concave surface should be rubbed on the hone

A

for plane-concave knives

259
Q

For plane-concave knives, what part should be rubbed on the hone?

A

only the concave surface

260
Q

this may be used for grinding and removing nicks

A

aluminum oxide made into paste with water

261
Q

How can a flat circular glass plate with finely powdered aluminum oxide made into paste with water be used for grinding and removing nicks?

A

used as an abrasive

262
Q

This may be used for final polishing

A

Diamantine

263
Q

how many inches thick is the plate glass

A

1/4 to 3/8 inch thick

264
Q

how many inches long is the glass plate?

A

14 inches long

265
Q

the glass plate is 1-2 inches wider than the length of the knife blade to be sharpened

true or false

A

true

266
Q

the knife blade does not have to be held obliquely, but is pushed and pulled forard and backward at right angles to the transverse diameter of the plate due to what?

A

due to the plate’s relatively greater width

267
Q

due to the plate’s relatively greater wdth, the knif blade does not have to be be held obliquely

true or false

A

true

268
Q

due to the plate’s relatively greater width, the knife blade is pushed and pulled forward and backward at what angles?

A

right angles

269
Q

Mechanical honing with machines may make use of what?

A

use of a vibrating frosted glass plate or a wheel driven by an electric motor

270
Q

In mehcanical honing with machines, the knife is pressed against the what?

A

pressed against the flat side of a rotating glass wheel

271
Q

in mechanical honing with machines, the knife is pressed against the flat side of a rotating glass wheel which is being driven by a what?

A

driven by a mechanical device

272
Q

Approximately how many strokes are done in mechanical honing with machines?

A

approx 30 double strokes

273
Q

aprrox 30 double trokes are given each side o the knife to which very gentle pressue is applied

true or false

A

true

274
Q

the hone should be long enough, specifically what measurement?

A

about 8 x 3 inches

275
Q

Badly nicked knives require greater and longer honing than less irregular knives

true or false

A

true

276
Q

the hone should be cleaed before, during, annd after use

true or false

A

true

277
Q

What develops in the hone usually imparted by the knife that is being sharpened?

A

a black film

278
Q

The hone should be lubricated with warm soapy water or fine oil before using

true or false

A

true

279
Q

This is the process whereby the “burr” formed during honing is removed and the cutting edge of the knife is polished

A

stropping

280
Q

what is the purpose of stropping?

A
  • to polish and shapen the cutting edge
281
Q

this is to remove the irregualrities from the knife

A

honing

282
Q

during what case is it only necessary to strop a knife?

A

when the knife has become blunt and dull but is free from nicks or teeth

283
Q

for delicate work, the knife is stropped before every object is sectioned

true or false

A

true

284
Q

this is made up of the best quality horse leather

A

paddle strop

285
Q

the paddle strop is firmly attached to a what?

A

firmly attached to a solid back

286
Q

this is used in order to prevent sagging

A

paddle strop

287
Q

Stropping moves in what direction?

A

in a toe to heel direction

288
Q

around how many strokes are usually required for stropping?

A

40-120 double strokes

289
Q

in stropping, the knife is turn around at the end of each stroke so as to sharpen each surface alternately in the case of plane-concave knives

true or false

A

in the case of plane-wedge or minot knives

false

290
Q

in honing, the knife is turned around every after 10-20 strokes so as to sharpen the other surface in the case of what?

A

in the case of plane-wedge or minot knives

291
Q

for plane-concave knives, honing and stropping are the same wherein only the concave surface should be honed and stropped, respectively

true or false

A

true

292
Q

The knife should always be wiped clean with a soft cloth before and after a series of stropping strokes and before changing from a coarse to a fine strop

true or false

A

true

293
Q

after stropping is satisfactorily completed, what is then done?

A

knife edge is then oiled or greased

294
Q

after stropping satisfactorily completed, why must the knife edge be oiled or greased?

A

to prevent the knife edge from rusting

295
Q

the knife is kept in a what to prevent the settling of dust and grit on its surface, causing damage to the knife edge?

A

kept in a suspension box

296
Q

In stropping, the knife should not be allowed to rest on its sides sine this may also damage the cutting edge

true or false

A

true

297
Q

speed in stropping should be avoided

true or false

A

true

298
Q

how many seconds should be allowed for each stroke to avoid injury to the strop and the knife?

A

one full second

299
Q

in stropping, leather strops are usually dry and require oiling before they are used

true or false

A

true

300
Q

strops are usually treated with vegetable oil (i.e., castor oil)applied into the back of the strop, NOT THE SURFACE

True or false

A

true

301
Q

the strop should not be used for at least how many hours after treatment?

A

24-48 hours

302
Q

this will make the stroppng surface slippery and will render the procedure unsatisfactory

A

too much oil

303
Q

the surface is scraped with a blunt instrument (i.e., the bac of the knife) in order to what?

A

to remove the excessive oil

304
Q

this is not recommended and should NEVER come in contact with a strop

A

mineral oil

305
Q

why is mineral oil not recommended and should never come in contact with a strop?

A

it will tend to blister and destroy the leather

306
Q

this will spoil the polish of the area and produce a permanent blemish on the strop

A

one drop of mineral oil

307
Q

this is to prevent the turning of the knife’s edge (stropping)

A

stropping surface should be firm and not loose

308
Q

strops are usually mounted on a WHAT and covered wita WHAT to prevent them frm sagging

A

mounted on a wooden canvass and covered with a flat pad

309
Q

sharpening = honing; polishing = stropping

true or false

A

true

310
Q

honing and stropping are no longer common practice in most modern laboratories because of what?

A

because of the availability of disposable knives

311
Q

disposable knives are cheaper to use than conventional teel knives

true or false

A

true

312
Q

they have a sharp cutting edge that can cut 2-4 u thick sections with ease

A

disposable blades

313
Q

these knives are also now available that can attach to some blade holders and are particularly suitable for use in the cryostat

A

magnetic knives

314
Q

these are generally used for trimming and semi-thin sectioning of tissue blocks for electron miroscopy

A

glass knives

315
Q

they are prepared from commercially available 40 x 2.5 cm plate glass strips

A

glass knives

316
Q

these are plate glass strips that have been washed with detergnt, rinsed in distilled water and alcohol, and dried with lint-free paper

A

glass knives

317
Q

cleaned strips of a glass knife are clamped into a what?

A

clamped into a knife maker

318
Q

cleaned strips of a glass knife are scored with a what?

A

scored with a tungsten carbide weel

319
Q

cleaned strips of a glass knife are cracked to form square pieces of how many mm?

A

25 x 25 mm square pieces

320
Q

these are used to cut any type of resin block for electron microscopy

A

diamond knives

321
Q

when diamond knives are supplied by the manufacturer, they are already mounted in a metal block design to fit directly into the knife holder of what microtome?

A

ultrathin microtome

HISTOPATH LEC (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions