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Radiology > Important Info > Flashcards

Important Info Flashcards

1
Q

Mass number of 8 and Atomic number of 6. What is true?

A

6 protons, 2 neutrons

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2
Q

Binding energy in the innermost shell have _________ energy than outermost. And electrons in the K shell of a larger atom have a __________ energy than an atom with a smaller atomic number.

A

greater
greater

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3
Q

What is true about ionization?

a. photon energy has to be greater than binding energy
b. ion pair formed
c. both are true
d. both are false

A

c. both are true

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4
Q

Which one of these is particulate radiation?

a. proton
b. x-ray
c. gamma
d. UV
e. None of the above

A

a. proton
(is this supposed to photon?)

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5
Q

What is true about x-rays?

a. no charge
b. has weight

A

a. no charge

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6
Q

Which of the following is part of the cathode?

a. filament
b. focusing cup
c. copper anode
d. a and b
e. b and c

A

d. a and b

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7
Q

Where does the electron beam decelerate?

A

tungsten target

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8
Q

Which of these is true about the focal spot?

A

effective focal spot creates sharper image

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9
Q

What makes up the majority of radiation in x-ray beam?

A

Bremsstrahlung

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10
Q

What is true about Bremsstrahlung?

a. interacts with nucleus
b. heterogenous
c. interacts with electrons
d. specific amount of energy
e. a and b
f. c and d

A

e. a and b

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11
Q

What happens to most of energy from cathode beam?

A

becomes heat

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12
Q

What is true about characteristic radiation?

A

outer shell electron moves into inner shell

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13
Q

What is true about step-down transformer?

a. controls heat to cathode
b. controls cathode to anode electron
c. part of high-voltage circuit

A

a. controls heat to cathode

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14
Q

What does increasing kV affect?

a. increasing cathode electrons boiling off
b. part of high voltage circuit
c. part of low voltage circuit

A

no answer on file
- b. part of high voltage circuit?

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15
Q

What does a rectifier do?

a. convert AC to DC
b. changes voltage of AC current

A

a. convert AC to DC

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16
Q

Direct current has _____ energy than alternating current. Direct has _______ radiation exposure to patient.

A

higher
lower

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17
Q

What happens if you alter tube current?

A

changes quantity but no quality

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18
Q

What does filtration effect?

A

mean energy increases
max energy stays the same

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19
Q

8 inch to 16 inch tube: what happens?

A

1/4 of the intensity of the beam is produced

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20
Q

Which of these affects contrast?

a. kV
b. mAs
c. kV and mA
d. kV and exposure time

A

a. kV

  • kinda confused about this
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21
Q

If you have less contrast you have ____ shades of gray

A

more

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22
Q

Which one of these has a chemical change to produce an image?

a. CCD
b. PSP
c. Film
d. CMOS

A

c. Film

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23
Q

What makes up the grid in a solid-state sensor?

A

silicon

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24
Q

What is the image forming component of a solid-state sensor?

A

silicone

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25
Q

Where does the cesium scintillator operate?

a. solid state sensor
b. solid state scanner
c. PSP sensor
d. PSP scanner

A

a. solid state sensor

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26
Q

What is advantage of CMOS?

a. laser scanner
b. manipulation of image

A

b. manipulation of image

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27
Q

What is the advantage fo CMOS over CCD?

A

faster image processing

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28
Q

Which of these has the least amount of radiation?

a. Film
b. PSP
c. FPD
d. CCD

A

d. CCD

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29
Q

Which tool compromises diagnostic accuracy by unevenly altering the density histogram?

a. edge sharpening
b. contrast

A

a. edge sharpening

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30
Q

Picture of greyscale chart. What does this control?

A

amount of greys

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31
Q

What is this tool?

A

length calibration

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32
Q

What is this?

A

Inversion

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33
Q

What is this?

A

Edge enhancement/sharpening

34
Q

Which one of these has the highest spacial resolution?

a. film
b. PSP
c. CCD
d. CMOS

A

a. film
- i think

35
Q

5 Questions about quality versus quantity

A

Quantity: Number of photons in the beam. Primarily related to tube current and exposure
time

oQuality: Average energy the x-ray beam.
▪ Controlled primarily by the tube voltage (kVp)

What increases quantity: kVp, mA, exposure time, mAs
What increases quality: kVp, filtration

What decreases quantity: distance, filtration

36
Q

What does higher density do?

A

more blackness

37
Q

What is density controlled by?

A

mAs
exposure time

38
Q

What is contrast controlled by?

A

kvP/voltage

38
Q

If you increase kvP what happens to density?

A

increase

39
Q

If you increase kvP what happens to mAs?

A

decrease

40
Q

If you increase kvP what happens to contrast?

A

decrease

41
Q

What type of sensor is a APS (active pixel sensor)?

A

CMOS

  • CCD has a separate image sensor and image processing unit while APS/CMOS has it combined
42
Q

What is true about rectification?

A

Options about “fully-rectified, non-rectified, “x-ray tube is self-rectified”

????? no idea

43
Q

What are the properties of x-rays?

A

Ionize matter and have no charge

44
Q

When comparing CCD and CMOS, what is true about CMOS?

A

faster processing and image manipulation

45
Q

When comparing CCD and CMOS, what is true about CCD?

A

less radiation

46
Q

Dr. Kells significances

A

1st to expose dental radiograph in the US

47
Q

who designed the enclosed x ray tube that has had minimal design change?

A

coolidge

48
Q

What decreases the quantity of x-rays?

A

filtration

  • and prolly a lot of other stuff
49
Q

How much energy is converted into x-rays?

A

1%

50
Q

What happens at the tungsten target?

A

x-rays produced

51
Q

Which digital imaging system has physical similarities to film?

A

PSP

52
Q

High contrast produces what kind of greyscale?

A

short greyscale because of low kVp

53
Q

What does this show?

A

edge enhancement
- unevenly alters dentsity

54
Q

What is this?

A

inversion

55
Q

If Kvp and mA are constant, then you double current what happens to exposure time to maintain?

A

halves

56
Q

Inverse square law. If you double it, what happens?

A

intensity of beam is 1/4 of original

57
Q

What is true of ionization?

A
  • Ionizing energy must be greater than bindign to knock out proton
  • Produce positive and negative ion from a neutral atom
58
Q

Which of the following is true of binding energy?

A

K shell binding energy is greater than L shell binding energy

59
Q

Listed 3 energy values from K,L,M shell, asked what is the minimum value to see characteristic radiation occur?

A

69,500 – must be equal or greater than K shell

60
Q

What is true about the stationary anode line focus principle?

A

The effective focal spot is smaller than the actual focal spot, has sharper image

61
Q

What makes up the majority of x rays?

A

bramsstrahlung/breaking

62
Q

What does the cesium scincillator operate?

A
  • Converts x-ray into visible light
  • Operates the solid state sensor
63
Q

Best image modification method?

A

adjust gray scale

64
Q

X ray tube has what components?

A

a. Cathode = filament + focusing cup
b. Anode = tungsten target + copper stem

65
Q

Which tool compromises diagnostic accuracy by unevenly altering the density histogram?

A

Sharpening

66
Q

Constant potential and direct current?

A

Decrease radiation dose

  • rectifier changes AC to direct current so you get higher energy with lower radiaiton
67
Q

Chemical changes in processing is what kind of x-ray film/sensor?

A

film

68
Q

Difference between pixels and silver halide

A

Options like, “Pixels are specifically organized and contain x-ray photons”

  • pixels are electrified with pre-exposure electrical charge
  • x-ray photons -> sensor -> change charge of pixels
  • film uses silver halide chemical
  • smaller the pixel the sharper the image
  • PSP plates that crystallin halide emusion and produce a latent image
69
Q

What does the letter A stand for?

A

Atomic Mass = protons + neutrons

69
Q

Production of High speed electrons

A
  • High potential difference is produced between the cathode filament and target anode by applying high voltage between them
  • Most of the energy from the cathode beam becomes heat
69
Q

Differences between alternating/direct current

A

“Constant potential & constant DC results in _____” - less radiation???

70
Q

What x-ray system uses a laser?

A

PSP

71
Q

Step up vs. Step down transformer

A

Step down
- low voltage circuit
- regulated by mA switch
- increasing mA = increasing electrons
- controls heat to the cathode

Step up
- high voltage circuit
- regulated by kvp
- increasing kvp = increasing energy of electrons
- attches to both cathode and anode
- determines the speed of electrons and energy of x-ray photons

72
Q

Most of the energy from the cathode beam becomes…

A

heat

73
Q

Which of the 6 factors affect quality of the x-ray beam

A
  1. Tube voltage (kV)
  2. Tube current (mA)
  3. Exposure time
  4. Filtration
  5. Collimation
  6. Source - film distance (inverse square)
  • all six factors affect quantity (filtration, collimation, and film distance decrease it)
  • only filtration and tube voltage affect quality (increases it)
74
Q

What is the difference between the wave and quantum theory?

A

Wave Theory
- propagation of radiation in form of waves (no mass)
- electromagnetic radiaiton (wave-like energy) that travels at speed of light

Quantum Theory
- interactionof radiation with matter
- particulate radiation in the form of photons (have energy, mass, and travel in straight lines at the speed of light)

75
Q

What travels like a wave?

A

x-rays (ionizing)
gamma rays (ionizing)
uv rays (non-ionizing)

75
Q

What travels like a quantum?

A

alpha particles
beta particles
electrons
neutrons
protons

76
Q

What are the facts about CCD?

A
  • direct digital
  • cesium iodide scintillator
  • pixels -> electrical signals on silicone image forming component
  • electrical charge has to move to each area to be assigned a number and sent off (slow)
  • least amount of radiation
  • sensor is thicker/stiffer
77
Q

What are the facts about CMOS?

A
  • direct digital
  • electrical charge converted automatically in each pixel and sent to computer (faster than CCD)
  • image manipulation
  • faster image process (doesn’t need adjunct box)
78
Q

What are the facts about PSP?

A
  • indirect digital (PSP laser scanner -> computer)
  • easier processing than film

Radiology (35 decks)

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