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Anat/Physio > Important Chemicals Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Important Chemicals Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do organisms consist of?

A

Matter, Elements, and Atoms

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2
Q

The elements that comprise 96% of living matter are_____

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (CHNO)

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3
Q

What makes up matter?

A

Elements

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4
Q

What makes up elements?

A

Atoms

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5
Q

What two characteristics form the atom?

A

Atomic nucleus & electron shell

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6
Q

What are the subatomic particles within atoms?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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7
Q

The number of ______ = the number of ________

A

of protons = # of electrons

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8
Q

List the charges of Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons

A

Neutrons = no charge
Protons = positive charge
Electrons = negative charge

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9
Q

Which particle defines the element (atomic number)?

A

The number of protons

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10
Q

When an element has the same number of protons, but a different amount of neutrons it’s called an _____. Which can be ________ is unstable

A

isotope; radioactive

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11
Q

An atoms nucleus contains….

A

Protons and Neutrons

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12
Q

What determines the reactivity of the atom?

A

Number of electrons

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13
Q

What is the outermost shell called?

A

Valence shell

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14
Q

What’s the rule of eights?

A

Atoms interact in a a way that they end up having 8 electrons in their valence shell

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15
Q

Inert is when an atom….

A

has a filled valence shell

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16
Q

If an atoms has an unfilled valence shell it is…..

A

Chemically reactive

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of bonds?

A
  1. Covalent
  2. Ionic
  3. Hydrogen
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18
Q

The most important determinant of an atom’s bonding behavior is _____

A

the number of valence shell electrons

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19
Q

Covalent bonds are when atoms ____ ____

A

share electrons

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of covalent bonds? Briefly describe each

A

Single: share 1 electron
Double: share 2 electrons
Triple: share 3 electrons

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21
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The likelihood of an atom to attract shared elecrons

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22
Q

The higher the electronegativity, the more an atom will ….

A

pull shared electrons (pulls elements toward themselves)

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23
Q

Which two necessary elements have high electronegativities?

A

O and N

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24
Q

The equal sharing of electrons makes atoms _____

A

nonpolar

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25
Q

The unequal sharing of electrons makes atoms____

A

polar

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26
Q

Ionic bonds are the…

A

attraction of opposite charges

27
Q

Nonpolar is the …

A

equal sharing of electrons

28
Q

Polar is the….

A

unequal sharing of electrons

29
Q

True or False
Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other

A

TRUE

30
Q

Which bond type is strong, but break in water

A

Ionic

31
Q

The more electronegative atom will do what to the other atom within the bond?

A

Strip an electron away from the other atom

32
Q

Hydrogen bonds are the..

A

attraction of hydrogen to an electronegative atom

33
Q

Which bond type is very weak but very important? What’s an example?

A

Hydrogen Bonds (DNA)

34
Q

Covalent bonds occur when …
a) electrons are shared between atoms
b) electrons are transferred between atoms
c) electrons are lost
d) opposite charges attract atoms together

A

A; electrons are shared between atoms

35
Q

Ionic bonds connect atoms together by…
a) overlap of valence shells
b) charge attractions
c) overlap of the nucleus
d) attractions between dipoles

A

B; charge attractions

36
Q

Which molecule is a universal solvent

A

water

37
Q

What property does water have that makes it so important? Hint: bonding

A

Water’s polar –> the hydrogen in water bonds with other molecules, including other water molecules

38
Q

____ increases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

Acid

39
Q

_____ decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

Base

40
Q

Acids and Bases:
Which is the Donor and which is the Acceptor?

A

Acids are the Donors while Bases are the Acceptors

41
Q

In terms of pH, which number is the most acidic, most basic, and neutral

A

most acidic = 0
most basic = 14
Neutral = 7

42
Q

pH expresses the concentration of what?

A

H+ (hydrogen)

43
Q

10^-7 moles is what pH?

A

7

44
Q

A substance that is very acidic may have a pH of 1 or 2. This means that the acidic substance…
a) has a high concentration of H+ ions
or
b) has a low concentration of H+ ions

A

A; A pH of 1 or 2 means the substance has a high concentration of H+ ions

45
Q

What are two locations where you’ll find buffers?

A

Blood plasma and Lungs

46
Q

What are buffers?

A

Chemical systems that help maintain the homeostasis of the acid-base balance (maintain pH)

47
Q

Buffers do what in response to a rise in pH?

A

Can release hydrogen ions

48
Q

Buffers do what in response to a fall in pH?

A

Can bind hydrogen ions

49
Q

Acids decrease pH which increases what?

A

increases hydrogen ion concentration

50
Q

Bases increase pH which decreases what?

A

decreases hydrogen ion concentration

51
Q

Why is carbon important?

A

Can form 4 covalent bonds and can form large, complex, and diverse molecules

52
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids/Triglycerides
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
53
Q

Another name for “building block” is what?

A

monomer

54
Q

A polymer is made out of what?

A

Monomers

55
Q

Polymers are synthesized by what?

A

Dehydration synthesis

56
Q

Polymers are broken down by what?

A

Hydrolysis

57
Q

Hydrophilic is what? Hydrophobic is what?

A

Hydrophilic is ‘water-loving’
Hydrophobic is ‘water-fearing’

58
Q

Amphipathic means what?

A

A molecule is both hydrophobic AND hydrophilic

59
Q

Hydrophobic molecules form what in water?

A

Droplets

60
Q

Carbohydrates are a ___ and _______ _______

A

fuel and building material

61
Q

Carbohydrates come in 3 sizes. Name them and briefly describe each

A
  1. Monosaccharide –> monomer
  2. Disaccharide –> 2 monosaccharides linked together
  3. Polysaccharides –> hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together
62
Q

Carbohydrates perform a wide variety of functions. Name 4

A

Provide energy
Energy Storage
Support
Structure

63
Q

Glycosidic linkage describes….

A

monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

64
Q

What are two examples of Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (plants) and Lactose (milk)

Anat/Physio (23 decks)

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