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Anat/Physio > Important Chemicals Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Important Chemicals Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do organisms consist of?

A

Matter, Elements, and Atoms

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2
Q

The elements that comprise 96% of living matter are_____

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (CHNO)

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3
Q

What makes up matter?

A

Elements

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4
Q

What makes up elements?

A

Atoms

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5
Q

What two characteristics form the atom?

A

Atomic nucleus & electron shell

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6
Q

What are the subatomic particles within atoms?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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7
Q

The number of ______ = the number of ________

A

of protons = # of electrons

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8
Q

List the charges of Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons

A

Neutrons = no charge
Protons = positive charge
Electrons = negative charge

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9
Q

Which particle defines the element (atomic number)?

A

The number of protons

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10
Q

When an element has the same number of protons, but a different amount of neutrons it’s called an _____. Which can be ________ is unstable

A

isotope; radioactive

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11
Q

An atoms nucleus contains….

A

Protons and Neutrons

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12
Q

What determines the reactivity of the atom?

A

Number of electrons

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13
Q

What is the outermost shell called?

A

Valence shell

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14
Q

What’s the rule of eights?

A

Atoms interact in a a way that they end up having 8 electrons in their valence shell

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15
Q

Inert is when an atom….

A

has a filled valence shell

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16
Q

If an atoms has an unfilled valence shell it is…..

A

Chemically reactive

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of bonds?

A
  1. Covalent
  2. Ionic
  3. Hydrogen
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18
Q

The most important determinant of an atom’s bonding behavior is _____

A

the number of valence shell electrons

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19
Q

Covalent bonds are when atoms ____ ____

A

share electrons

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of covalent bonds? Briefly describe each

A

Single: share 1 electron
Double: share 2 electrons
Triple: share 3 electrons

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21
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The likelihood of an atom to attract shared elecrons

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22
Q

The higher the electronegativity, the more an atom will ….

A

pull shared electrons (pulls elements toward themselves)

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23
Q

Which two necessary elements have high electronegativities?

A

O and N

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24
Q

The equal sharing of electrons makes atoms _____

A

nonpolar

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25
The unequal sharing of electrons makes atoms____
polar
26
Ionic bonds are the...
attraction of opposite charges
27
Nonpolar is the ...
equal sharing of electrons
28
Polar is the....
unequal sharing of electrons
29
True or False Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other
TRUE
30
Which bond type is strong, but break in water
Ionic
31
The more electronegative atom will do what to the other atom within the bond?
Strip an electron away from the other atom
32
Hydrogen bonds are the..
attraction of hydrogen to an electronegative atom
33
Which bond type is very weak but very important? What's an example?
Hydrogen Bonds (DNA)
34
Covalent bonds occur when ... a) electrons are shared between atoms b) electrons are transferred between atoms c) electrons are lost d) opposite charges attract atoms together
A; electrons are shared between atoms
35
Ionic bonds connect atoms together by... a) overlap of valence shells b) charge attractions c) overlap of the nucleus d) attractions between dipoles
B; charge attractions
36
Which molecule is a universal solvent
water
37
What property does water have that makes it so important? Hint: bonding
Water's polar --> the hydrogen in water bonds with other molecules, including other water molecules
38
____ increases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Acid
39
_____ decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Base
40
Acids and Bases: Which is the Donor and which is the Acceptor?
Acids are the Donors while Bases are the Acceptors
41
In terms of pH, which number is the most acidic, most basic, and neutral
most acidic = 0 most basic = 14 Neutral = 7
42
pH expresses the concentration of what?
H+ (hydrogen)
43
10^-7 moles is what pH?
7
44
A substance that is very acidic may have a pH of 1 or 2. This means that the acidic substance... a) has a high concentration of H+ ions or b) has a low concentration of H+ ions
A; A pH of 1 or 2 means the substance has a high concentration of H+ ions
45
What are two locations where you'll find buffers?
Blood plasma and Lungs
46
What are buffers?
Chemical systems that help maintain the homeostasis of the acid-base balance (maintain pH)
47
Buffers do what in response to a rise in pH?
Can release hydrogen ions
48
Buffers do what in response to a fall in pH?
Can bind hydrogen ions
49
Acids decrease pH which increases what?
increases hydrogen ion concentration
50
Bases increase pH which decreases what?
decreases hydrogen ion concentration
51
Why is carbon important?
Can form 4 covalent bonds and can form large, complex, and diverse molecules
52
What are the 4 macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids/Triglycerides 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
53
Another name for "building block" is what?
monomer
54
A polymer is made out of what?
Monomers
55
Polymers are synthesized by what?
Dehydration synthesis
56
Polymers are broken down by what?
Hydrolysis
57
Hydrophilic is what? Hydrophobic is what?
Hydrophilic is 'water-loving' Hydrophobic is 'water-fearing'
58
Amphipathic means what?
A molecule is both hydrophobic AND hydrophilic
59
Hydrophobic molecules form what in water?
Droplets
60
Carbohydrates are a ___ and _______ _______
fuel and building material
61
Carbohydrates come in 3 sizes. Name them and briefly describe each
1. Monosaccharide --> monomer 2. Disaccharide --> 2 monosaccharides linked together 3. Polysaccharides --> hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together
62
Carbohydrates perform a wide variety of functions. Name 4
Provide energy Energy Storage Support Structure
63
Glycosidic linkage describes....
monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
64
What are two examples of Disaccharides?
Sucrose (plants) and Lactose (milk)

Anat/Physio (23 decks)

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