Implicatures

Question 1

define an implicature

Answer 1

Implicatures are inferences about the world that a
hearer draws owing to assumptions about the presumed
intentions of the speaker.

Question 2

properties of implicatures

Answer 2

• > how speakers cooperate in a conversation for shared meaning
• > less straightfoward than entailments/pressupositions
• > dependent on speaker
• > interpetation of utterances contigent on context
• > requires SHARED knowledge between speaker/hearer

Question 3

Implicatures differ from presuppositions and

entailments how?

Answer 3

Implicatures differ from presuppositions and
entailments because they can be cancelled.

An entailment is a necessary implication: an inference from an utterance which must be true if the utterance is true.

An implicature is a cancellable implication: an inference from an utterance which we take the utterance to imply on its face, by ‘default’, but which may in the context of other information nonetheless not be true even if the utterance is true.

Question 4

Cooperative Principle

Answer 4

by Paul Grice: how a speaker and a hearer cooperatie in order to ashered to basic principles in a conversation organized in 4 maxims

Question 5

4 maxims

Answer 5

relevance
quality
quantity
clarity

Question 6

violating maxims vs flouting maxims

Answer 6

violating= uncooperative behaviour which is a quiet process of a speaker with the intention to decieve the other

flouting= consciously not following the a maxim but still saying within a cooperative structure as it is a MUTUAL and VOLUNTARY process leading to implicatures

Question 7

other ways maxims are not followed?

Answer 7

1: infringing (failure to observe maxim due to linguistic restriction)
2. opting out: unwillingness to copperate without being rude

Question 8

types of linguistic elements that flout the quality maxim

Answer 8

meatphors
irony
banter
hyperboles

Question 9

types of linguistic elements that flout the relevance maxim

Answer 9

“thoughts on that steak? I love veggies”= vegetarian

Question 10

types of linguistic elements that flout the quantity maxim

Answer 10

“what do you think of this outfit? I like shoes”= does not like the dress

Question 11

two types of conversational implicatures

Answer 11

1. generalized implicatures (from context)

2. particularized implicatures (requires knowledge from speaker/hearer specific to the conversation)