Immunotherapy Flashcards
What is the definition of immunotherapy?
prevention or treatment of disease/abnormalities with substances that stimulate or inhibit immune responses
What are the most widely used drugs that can suppress the immune system?
corticosteroids
How do corticosteroids suppress the immune system?
prevent NK-kB activation: block many immune functions
immunosuppressive drugs work in two ways to prevent allograft rejection/treat autoimmune disease, what are they?
nonspecific inhibitors of cell division
OR
specifically block T cell activation by interfering with signal transduction
Immune system stimulants include _____ that activate _____ in nonspecific fashion.
PAMPS; PRRs
What has hindered widespread use of cytokine therapy? It cytokine therapy useful?
toxicity and cost
may be useful in vet med
What part of the immune system do stimulants or inhibitors act on? How do they do it?
innate, adaptive, or both by employing BRMs
What are BRMs?
biological response modifiers
What are the biologics of BRMs?
monoclonal antibodies- ENBREL (anti-TNF-a)
cytokines- IL-2/GM-CSF
PAMPs- CpGs
What are the small chemical drugs of BRMs?
corticosteroids
non-corticosteroid inhibitors
What are the target diseases/abnormalities of immunotherapy?
hypersensitivity reactions, cancer, infectious agents
How does Enbrel treat AI diseases?
acting as TNF-a inhibitor
Enbrel aka _____.
Etanercept
What diseases is Enbrel approved to treat?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Anklosing Spondylitis
____ is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.
IL-2
What is IFN-a used to treat?
hairy-cell leukaemia Kaposi's sarcoma follicular lymphoma chronic myeloid leukemia melanoma
Is EqStim a monoclonal antibody, PAMP, or cytokine treatment?
PAMP
How does EqStim work?
Propionbacterium acnes (CpG DNA motifs) stimulate TLR 9 receptors in cytosol
activate sentinel cell killing mechanisms
When do you use EqStim?
Treat horses prior to transport to reduce respirator infections
Is Zalnate a monoclonal antibody, PAMP, or cytokine treatment?
PAMP
What is Regressin and what does it treat?
cell wall extract for equine sarcoids; PAMPs; bacille calmette-guerin (BCG)
Regressin activates macrophages resulting in what?
TNF-a, IL-12, NO
What is live BCG used for?
human melanomas, bladder tumors
Preventative hypo-sensitization therapy effects which cytokines?
upregulate IFN-g, IgG, IL-10
How does Preventative hypo-sensitization therapy work?
multiple increasing doses
Th1 cytokines (IFN-y) inhibit Th2 and production of IL-4 and IgE
OR induce tolerance by stimulating Tregs (IL-10)
What does aspirin inhibit?
production of prostaglandins that cause pain and vasodilation
What do steroids inhibit?
production of vasoactive lipids
Where are corticosteroids produced?
adrenal cortex of vertebrates
What are the classes of corticosteroids?
glucorticosteroids - prednisolone
mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
What do glucorticosteroids do?
anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative, and vasoconstrictive
What do mineralocorticosteroids do?
regulate electrolyte and water balance
How do corticosteroids cross a membrane?
they are lipid-soluble, diffuse across cell membrane and cind to receptors in cytosol
How do corticosteroids exert their numerous effects?
by modulating the transcription of a wide variety of genes
