Immunotherapy

Question 1

What is the definition of immunotherapy?

Answer 1

prevention or treatment of disease/abnormalities with substances that stimulate or inhibit immune responses

Question 2

What are the most widely used drugs that can suppress the immune system?

Answer 2

corticosteroids

Question 3

How do corticosteroids suppress the immune system?

Answer 3

prevent NK-kB activation: block many immune functions

Question 4

immunosuppressive drugs work in two ways to prevent allograft rejection/treat autoimmune disease, what are they?

Answer 4

nonspecific inhibitors of cell division
OR
specifically block T cell activation by interfering with signal transduction

Question 5

Immune system stimulants include _____ that activate _____ in nonspecific fashion.

Answer 5

PAMPS; PRRs

Question 6

What has hindered widespread use of cytokine therapy? It cytokine therapy useful?

Answer 6

toxicity and cost

may be useful in vet med

Question 7

What part of the immune system do stimulants or inhibitors act on? How do they do it?

Answer 7

innate, adaptive, or both by employing BRMs

Question 8

What are BRMs?

Answer 8

biological response modifiers

Question 9

What are the biologics of BRMs?

Answer 9

monoclonal antibodies- ENBREL (anti-TNF-a)

cytokines- IL-2/GM-CSF

PAMPs- CpGs

Question 10

What are the small chemical drugs of BRMs?

Answer 10

corticosteroids

non-corticosteroid inhibitors

Question 11

What are the target diseases/abnormalities of immunotherapy?

Answer 11

hypersensitivity reactions, cancer, infectious agents

Question 12

How does Enbrel treat AI diseases?

Answer 12

acting as TNF-a inhibitor

Question 13

Enbrel aka _____.

Answer 13

Etanercept

Question 14

What diseases is Enbrel approved to treat?

Answer 14

Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Anklosing Spondylitis

Question 15

____ is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.

Answer 15

IL-2

Question 16

What is IFN-a used to treat?

Answer 16

hairy-cell leukaemia
Kaposi's sarcoma
follicular lymphoma
chronic myeloid leukemia
melanoma

Question 17

Is EqStim a monoclonal antibody, PAMP, or cytokine treatment?

Answer 17

PAMP

Question 18

How does EqStim work?

Answer 18

Propionbacterium acnes (CpG DNA motifs) stimulate TLR 9 receptors in cytosol

activate sentinel cell killing mechanisms

Question 19

When do you use EqStim?

Answer 19

Treat horses prior to transport to reduce respirator infections

Question 20

Is Zalnate a monoclonal antibody, PAMP, or cytokine treatment?

Answer 20

PAMP

Question 21

What is Regressin and what does it treat?

Answer 21

cell wall extract for equine sarcoids; PAMPs; bacille calmette-guerin (BCG)

Question 22

Regressin activates macrophages resulting in what?

Answer 22

TNF-a, IL-12, NO

Question 23

What is live BCG used for?

Answer 23

human melanomas, bladder tumors

Question 24

Preventative hypo-sensitization therapy effects which cytokines?

Answer 24

upregulate IFN-g, IgG, IL-10

Question 25

How does Preventative hypo-sensitization therapy work?

Answer 25

multiple increasing doses Th1 cytokines (IFN-y) inhibit Th2 and production of IL-4 and IgE OR induce tolerance by stimulating Tregs (IL-10)

Question 26

What does aspirin inhibit?

Answer 26

production of prostaglandins that cause pain and vasodilation

Question 27

What do steroids inhibit?

Answer 27

production of vasoactive lipids

Question 28

Where are corticosteroids produced?

Answer 28

adrenal cortex of vertebrates

Question 29

What are the classes of corticosteroids?

Answer 29

glucorticosteroids - prednisolone mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

Question 30

What do glucorticosteroids do?

Answer 30

anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative, and vasoconstrictive

Question 31

What do mineralocorticosteroids do?

Answer 31

regulate electrolyte and water balance

Question 32

How do corticosteroids cross a membrane?

Answer 32

they are lipid-soluble, diffuse across cell membrane and cind to receptors in cytosol

Question 33

How do corticosteroids exert their numerous effects?

Answer 33

by modulating the transcription of a wide variety of genes