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Immunology > Hypersensitivies II > Flashcards

Hypersensitivies II Flashcards

1
Q

What antibodies are associated with Type 2 reactions?

A

IgG and IgM

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2
Q

How fast does a Type 2 reaction occur?

A

within hours IF prior sensitized

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3
Q

Type 2- clinical syndrome?

A

Cytolysis of antibody coated cells leads to Anemia or Thrombocytopenia or Neutropenia

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4
Q

What are the two key mechanisms of Type 2 reactions?

A

Antibody-mediated complement activation & phagocytosis of opsonized healthy cells

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5
Q

When does Type 2 hypersensitivity occur?

A

When antibodies and complement destroy normal/healthy cells

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6
Q

What is another name for Type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

cytotoxic hypersensitivity

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7
Q

What is hemolytic disease of a newborn?

A

Mothers may become sensitized to their fetus during pregnancy and make antibodies against fetal RBCs. These antibodies may cause destruction of newborn RBCs if ingested in colostrum.

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8
Q

If a calf ingests colostrum containing anti-MHC antibodies induced by vaccination of the mother, ____ _____ can occur in the calf.

A

lethal pancytopenia

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9
Q

How do blood cells become targets in Type 2 reactions?

A

drugs bind to blood cells making them targets

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10
Q

What are the effector mechanisms of antibody-mediated disease?

A

Injury caused by anti-tissue antibody (complement/Fc receptor)

Immune complex-mediated tissue injury

Opsonization and phagocytosis

Abnormal physiologic responses without cell/tissue injury

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11
Q

Which antibodies can cause disease by binding to their target antigens in cells and tissues?

A

IgM and IgG

NOT IgE!!

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12
Q

The antibodies that cause disease are most often considered what?

A

autoantibodies against self antigens

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13
Q

How can anti-streptoccal antibodies cause rheumatic fever?

A

These antibodies can cross-react with heart tissue which induce rhematic fever

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14
Q

Rheumatic fever is a ______ disease that can lead to _____ heart failure.

A

inflammatory; acute

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15
Q

Antibodies can form immune complexes that can deposit where?

A

in the blood vessels and organs

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16
Q

Immune complex deposition in the blood vessels causes _______.

A

vasculitis

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17
Q

How can immune complex deposition in the kidney cause renal failure?

A

Anti-streptococcal antibodies deposit in kidney glomeruli cause post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis that can lead to renal failure

Short story –> nephrons are clugged so the kidney cannot function properly

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18
Q

C3a receptors are important factors in opsonization effector mechanism of antibody-mediated diseases. True or false?

A

False AF.

Its C3b, not C3a.

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19
Q

How does the opsonization and phagocytosis effector mechanism work?

A

Promotion of cell destruction through antibody binding

Interference of normal cell function

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20
Q

What are the complement byproducts associated with complement and Fc receptor mediated inflammation?

A

C5a and C3a

Do not get this confused with C3b in opsonization mechanism.

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21
Q

How is injury caused by an anti-tissue antibody?

A

Antibodies specific for tissue antigens may deposit in tissues and cause injury by inducing local inflammation.

22
Q

How is local inflammation induced by anti-tissue antigen mechanism?

A

Complement and Fc receptor mediated recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells.

23
Q

Antibodies against Ach receptor cause _______.

A

paralysis (myasthenia gravis)

24
Q

Anti-TSH antibodies induce _______.

A

Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)

25
Q

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - mechanism of disease and clinical manifestations?

A

mechanism: opsonization and phagocytosis of erythrocytes
outcome: hemolysis, anemia

26
Q

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura - mechanism of disease and clinical manifestations?

A

opsonization and phagocytosis of platelets

bleeding (lack of blood coagulation)

27
Q

Graves Disease - mechanism of disease and clinical manifestations?

A

Antibody-mediated stimulation of TSH receptors

hyperthyroidism

28
Q

Myasthenia gravis - mechanism of disease and clinical manifestations?

A

Antibody inhibits Ach binding down-modulated receptors

muscle weakness, paralysis

29
Q

Rheumatic fever - mechanism of disease and clinical manifestations?

A

inflammation, macrophage activation

myocarditis, arthritis

30
Q

Graves Pemphigus vulgaris - mechanism of disease and clinical manifestations?

A

antibody-mediated activation of proteases, disruption of intracellular adhesions

skin vesicles (bullae), your mother fucking skin comes off

31
Q

What are the causes of type 2 reactions?

A

Secondary to drug treatment (hapten-carrier complex)

Secondary to infectious agents

primary IMHA due to autoimmune process

32
Q

Allo-immune reactions are caused by what?

A

incompatibility between donor and recipient (blood transfusion reactions)

33
Q

What defines blood types?

A

erythrocyte glycoproteins (antigens)

34
Q

Anti-glycoprotwin antibodies react with ____ antigens.

A

RBC

35
Q

Blood type A produces which plasma antibody?

A

anti-B

36
Q

Blood type B produces which plasma antibody?

A

anti-A (IgG and IgM)

37
Q

Blood type AB produces which plasma antibody?

A

None.

38
Q

What blood type is a universal recipient?

A

AB

39
Q

What blood type is a universal donor of packed red blood cells?

A

type O

40
Q

Which blood type does not express any antigens?

A

type O

41
Q

Which blood type anti-A and anti-B plasma antibodies?

A

type O

42
Q

Which species does not have type O?

A

cat

43
Q

What blood type is rare in cats?

A

AB antigens

44
Q

What blood type in cats is dominant in the USA?

A

A

45
Q

What blood type in cats is dominant in Europe?

A

B

46
Q

On a card blood test agglutination of RBCs indicates a positive test. True or false?

A

True

47
Q

How many blood types do cattle have?

A

11

48
Q

How many blood types do horses have?

A

7

49
Q

How many blood types do pigs have?

A

16

50
Q

What is another name for Hemolytic Disease of Newborn?

A

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

51
Q

What species are affected by neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

humans, horses, cattles, dogs, cats

Immunology (11 decks)

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