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Mechanisms of Disease > Immunopathology > Flashcards

Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immune response?

A

Humoral and cellular

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2
Q

Name 6 pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), rigl-like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectins (CLRs), scavenger receptors

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3
Q

Name the 5 major components of the innate immune system

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antimicrobial peptides, cells, complement components, cytokines

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4
Q

What is meant by pattern recognition receptors?

A

inclusive term for antigen recognition receptors in innate immune system (initial alert to any sort of infection)

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5
Q

What are the two groups of pattern recognition receptors?

A

1) cell-surface and intracellular receptors (TLRs, NLRs, RLRs, CLRs)
2) fluid-phase soluble molecules

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6
Q

How do fluid-phase recognition molecules bind?

A

Via Carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs)

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7
Q

What is the role of antimicrobial peptides?

A

These are in places like the saliva and they aim to destroy a pathogen before the immune system is even aware of it

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8
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers of the innate immune system

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9
Q

What are collectins?

A

A type of fluid-phase recognition molecule

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10
Q

What are the main roles of colletcins?

A

role in neutralisation of pathogen and recruitment of adaptive response

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11
Q

What are the major roles of marcophages in innate immunity?

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria, produce antimicrobial peptides, produce inflammatory cytokines

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12
Q

What are the major roles of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in innate immunity?

A

produce large amounts of interferon

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13
Q

What are the major roles of myeloid dendritic cells in innate immunity?

A

produce interleukin 12 and 10

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14
Q

Where are denderitic cells found?

A

T cell zones of lymphoid organs (circulate in blood)

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15
Q

What are the major roles of natural killer cells in innate immunity?

A

kill foreign and host cells with low levels of MHC+ self peptides

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16
Q

What are the major roles of neutrophils in innate immunity?

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria, produce antimicrobial peptides

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17
Q

What are the major roles of eosinophils in innate immunity?

A

kill invading parasites

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18
Q

What are the major roles of mast cells and basophils in innate immunity?

A

release TNF, IL-6, IFN in response to a variety f bacterial PAMPs

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19
Q

What are the major roles of epithelial cells in innate immunity?

A

produce antimicrobial peptides, produce mediators of local immunity

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20
Q

Which mutate faster: the variable regions of pathogens or humans?

A

pathogens

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21
Q

What is unique on each lymphocyte of the adaptive immune system?

A

antigen receptor

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22
Q

What type of expansion do lymphocytes undergo in response to infection?

A

Clonal

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23
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs and what are their functions?

A

Bone marrow and thymus.

Site of lymphocyte development and selection

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24
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs and what are their functions?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal surfaces.

Immune response.

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25
Q

How is the specificity of T and B cell antibody receptors achieved?

A

Each is made up of fragments to enable a magnitude of different variations

26
Q

Briefly describe the mechanism of antigen presentation

A

antigens internalised and broken down to peptides; peptides associate with newly synthesised calss 2 molecules and brought to cell surface; if foreign, they are recognised by Th cells which are then activated

27
Q

What are major histocompatability antigens?

A

Glycoproteins found on the surface of cells which make us unique

28
Q

How many classes of histocompatability antigen are there?

A

2

29
Q

What does HLA stand for?

A

Human leucocyte antigen

30
Q

Name the 3 class 1 histocompatability antigens

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

31
Q

Name the 3 class 2 histocompatability antigens

A

HLA-DP, HLA,DQ, HLA-DR

32
Q

What cells do MHC class 1 proteins present peptides to?

A

cytotoxic T cells

33
Q

What cells do MHC class 2 proteins present peptides to?

A

helper T cells

34
Q

What must antigens be associated with in order for T cells to ‘see’ them?

A

MHC proteins

35
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

develop potential to secrete antibodies (humoral immunity)

36
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

A

kill pathogens (cellular immunity)

37
Q

What is the function of helper T lymphocytes?

A

secrete growth factors (cytokines) to control immune response

38
Q

What is the function of suppressor T lymphocytes?

A

damp down the immune response

39
Q

Define immunosuppression

A

a natural or artifical process which turns off the immune response, partially or fully, accidentally of on purpose

40
Q

Define immunodeficiency

A

the lack of an efficient immune system - susceptibility to infections

41
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

undesirable, damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system in a pre-sensitised host

42
Q

Name the 4 types of hypersensitivity

A

I - IgE mediated
II - cytotoxic
III - immune complex
IV - cell mediated

43
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is anaphylactic?

A

Type I (IgE mediated reaction)

44
Q

What are the clinical features of type I hypersensitivity?

A

fast onset (15-30 mins), weal and flare, can have 2nd phase response

45
Q

What is the immunopathogenesis of type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE Ab mediated mast cell and basophil degrannulation - release of performed and de novo synthesised inflammatory mediators

46
Q

What do mast cells induce in early phase response of type I hypersensitivity?

A

degranulation and synthesis of lipid mediators

47
Q

What is the role of kallikrein in type I hypersensitivity?

A

activates bradykinin

48
Q

What is the role of histamine in type I hypersensitivity?

A

stimulation of irritant nerve receptors, smooth muscle contraction, increase in vascular permeability

49
Q

What are lipid mediators derivatives of?

A

arachidonic acids

50
Q

What is the role of eosinipohils in late phase response of type I hypersensitivity?

A

Granules containing cytotoxic proteins are attracted to site where contents released causing major tissue damage

51
Q

Cytokine-driven activity is the major source of what in allergic responses?

A

pathogenesis

52
Q

In type II hypersensitivity, what does binding of antibody to antigen result in?

A

Activation of complement cascade adn aggregation of Fc portions of immunoglobulins

53
Q

Which type of immunoglobulin inniates type II hypersensitivity?

A

IgM or complement-binding IgG (IgM»IgG1&IgG3)

54
Q

What type of cells are usually affected by type Ii hypersensitivity?

A

haematopoietic

55
Q

Name 2 examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

blood group incompatability, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

56
Q

What is the 6 stage process of type III hypersensitivity?

A

1) IgG + Ag = AgAb complex
2) FcR in complex bind C1q
3) complement activation leads to generation of activated complement fragments
4) C5a attracts neutrophils and C3b initiates opsonisation
5) attempted phagocytosis of complexes
6) tissue damage

57
Q

How is type IV hypersensitivity mediated?

A

T cell mediated - CD4+ helper T cells recognize antigen in a complex with Class II major histocompatibility complex

58
Q

What type of reaction is contact dermitis?

A

combination of DTH and cytotoxic reaction

59
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A focal collection of inflammatory cells in tissues

60
Q

What must be released to initiate a granulomatous reaction?

A

IL-12 (released by macrophages)

61
Q

Name 3 infectious granulomatous diseases

A

tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria, leprosy

Mechanisms of Disease (16 decks)

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