Cell injury

Question 1

Define hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increased number of cells

Question 2

Define hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increased size of cells

Question 3

Define atrophy

Answer 3

Decrease in cellular activity

Question 4

Define metaplasia

Answer 4

Change in cell morphology

Question 5

Name some causes of cell injury

Answer 5

oxygen availability, physical trauma, chemical agents, infectious organisms, irradiation

Question 6

How does reperfusion occur?

Answer 6

by the generation of oxygen free radicals

Question 7

What is the difference between hypoxia and anoxia?

Answer 7

Hypoxia is a lack of oxygen, anoxia is a complete absence of oxygen

Question 8

Name some examples of chemical agents that can cause cell injury

Answer 8

alcohol, tobacco smoke, drugs, poisons, occupational etc.

Question 9

In basic terms, how does irradiation cause cell injury?

Answer 9

generation of free radicals and direct damage to macromolecules

Question 10

Name the targets of cell injury (5)

Answer 10

mitochrondrial function, membrane integrity and function, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton, genetic apparatus

Question 11

What happens when cells are unable to achieve a new steady state following injury?

Answer 11

Cell death

Question 12

Define necrosis

Answer 12

cell death as a result of lethal cell injury

Question 13

Is necrosis active or passive?

Answer 13

passive

Question 14

Name the 5 types of necrosis

Answer 14

coagulative, caseous, colliquative, gangrene, fat/fibrinoid

Question 15

Which type of necrosis involves denaturation of intracytoplasmic protein?

Answer 15

Coagulative

Question 16

What texture does dead tissue become in coagulative necrosis?

Answer 16

firm and slightly swollen

Question 17

Describe colliquative necrosis

Answer 17

necrotic neural tissue is liable to total liquefaction and site is eventually marked by a cyst.

Question 18

What is the typical appearance of caseous necrosis?

Answer 18

cheese like

Question 19

Which type of necrosis is tuberculosis characteristic of?

Answer 19

Caseous

Question 20

What type of inflammation is associated with caseous necrosis?

Answer 20

granulomatous

Question 21

Is diabetes likely to cause wet or dry gangrene?

Answer 21

dry

Question 22

In which type of necrosis is microscopic architecture retained?

Answer 22

coagulative

Question 23

Define apoptosis

Answer 23

Programmed cell death

Question 24

Is apoptosis an active or passive process?

Answer 24

Active (requires energy)

Question 25

What are the effector molecules of apoptosis?

Answer 25

caspases

Question 26

In which type of cell death do the plasma membrane and cellular contents remain intact?

Answer 26

apoptosis