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Immunology Test II T-Cells Flashcards

1
Q

T cells populate the ________ lymphoid organs and tissues.

A

peripheral

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2
Q

T cells are ________ lived

A

long

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3
Q

T cells make up ______ % of all recirculating lymphocytes

A

80%

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4
Q

T cells acquire antigen-specific receptors in the ______

A

Thymus

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5
Q

Cell surface proteins of T cells are involved in ______ recognition.

A

antigen

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6
Q

Cell surface proteins of T cells are involved in ______ transduction.

A

signal transduction

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7
Q

Cell surface proteins of T cells are involved in ______ to APC’s and target cells

A

adhesion

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8
Q

What are the accessory molecules of T-cells?

A

CD4
CD8
Lymphocyte Adherence Molecules
CD28

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9
Q

What are the TCR coreceptors?

A

CD4 and CD8

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10
Q

What do CD4 and CD8 promote?

A

Adhesion of T-cells to APCs and target cells

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11
Q

______ is found on helper T cells.

A

CD4

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12
Q

______ is found on cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8

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13
Q

______ binds to β2 domain of class II MHC molecule on surface of pro APC’s

A

CD4

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14
Q

______ recognize the α3 domain of class I MHC molecules

A

CD8

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15
Q

_____ is on monocytes and macrophages

A

CD4

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16
Q

What are the functions of Lymphocyte Adherence Molecules?

A

Strengthen interactions between helper T cells and pro APCs

Strengthen interactions between cytotoxic T cells and target cells

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17
Q

CD11aCD18 and CD2 are examples of what kind of molecule?

A

Lymphocyte Adherence Molecules

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18
Q

What is the T cell receptor for co-stimulation?

A

CD28

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19
Q

What does CD28 bind to?

A

B7-1 and B7-2 on pro APCs

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20
Q

What does the TCR Complex consist of?

A
  1. T-cell receptor
  2. CD3 Complex
  3. ζ proteins
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21
Q

What is a a heterodimeric glycoprotein that allows T cells to recognized processed antigens that is always presented with MHC molecules

A

TCR Complex

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22
Q

T or F. The TCR Complex can perform effector functions on its own.

A

False

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23
Q

TCRαβ is a membrane protein with 3 domains. What are they?

A

Variable region
Constant region
Hinge region

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24
Q

What are CDRs and where are they found?

A

Hypervariable regions found within variable regions

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25
Which CDR is most diverse?
CDR3
26
β-chain variable domain contains ________
CDR4- a 4th hypervariable region
27
CDR4 is the binding site for _________________
superantigens
28
T cells respond to ____ epitope
1
29
What are RAG-1 and RAG-2?
Recombination activating genes
30
RAGs are only found where?
In T and B lymphocytes
31
RAGs are only active in _______ lymphocytes.
developing
32
T or F. Rearrangements can happen in both developing and mature T and B cells.
F. Only occur in developing T and B cells
33
What happens if an animal lacks RAG proteins?
Failure to produce BCR and TCR proteins leading to SCID
34
What is SCID?
Severe combined immunodeficiency
35
Which chain genes rearrange first? Alpha or Beta?
β chain genes rearrange 1st
36
What regions are at the TCRβ locus?
a. Vn (variable region genes) b. Dn (diversity region genes) c. Jn (joining region genes)
37
What regions are at the TCRα locus?
a. Vn b. Jn c. NO diversity region genes
38
Which region contributes to making CDR3?
Junction diversity contributes to making CDR3
39
Diversity of TCRαβ is due to what 3 things?
i. Multiple germ line genes ii. Gene rearrangements iii. Junctional diversity
40
What are the 3 components of Junctional diversity?
Base deletions P-nucleotides N-region nucleotide addition
41
What is TdT and what is it responsible for?
TdT- Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase | Responsible for N-region nucleotide addition
42
The total TCR repertoire is equal to _______
1 x 10^16
43
What are the 2 signal transducers of T-cells?
CD3 Complex and ζζ (Zeta) Proteins
44
What are accessory molecules that noncovalently bind to the T cell receptor?
CD3 Complex and ζζ (Zeta) Proteins
45
What does the CD3 Complex consist of?
a. 4 invariant polypeptide chains i. 2 ε ii. 1 γ iii. 1 δ
46
What does the CD3 Complex do?
Stabilizes cell surface expression of TCR
47
Because the cytoplasmic tail of the TCR is too small to transduce signals to the T cell nucleus, telling that it has bound an antigen, the signals come from what instead?
CD3 Complex and ζζ (Zeta) Proteins
48
What do the two critical selection processes during T cell development result in?
i. Self-MHC restriction of TCRs | ii. Elimination of thymocytes whose TCRs bind to self-peptides
49
What are the critical selection processes carried out by?
Thymic stromal cells- macrophages and dendritic cells
50
What are the T cell subsets?
Helper T Cell | Cytotoxic T Cell
51
Describe the Helper T Cell subset
a. TH and CD4+ b. Helps B cells produce antibodies to protein antigens c. TH : Tc ratio is 2:1
52
Describe the Cytotoxic T Cell subset
a. Tc and CD8+ | b. Causes lysis of antigen bearing target cells
53
Helper T Cells (CD4+T cells) only respond to antigen presented by MHC Class ______ molecules?
Class 2
54
Naïve Helper T Cells require _______ signal(s) to become activated.
2 signals
55
The following describes which signal? TCR complex and CD4 recognition of peptide-MHC complexes on the APC
Signal 1
56
Costimulation is a characteristic of which signal?
Signal 2
57
Of the Pro APC’s. the most potent activator of Naïve Helper T cells is _________
dendritic cells
58
Why are dendritic cells the most potent activator of Naive Helper T cells?
Because they constitutively express MHC molecules and costimulators
59
What are the co-stimulators for Naïve TH cells
B7 Proteins: B7-1 (CD80) B7-2 (CD86)
60
Enhanced expression of B7 occurs when APC’s are stimulated by
Endotoxin LPS, interferon-γ, and the binding of CD40L to CD40 on the APC
61
What is the T cell receptor for B7 proteins?
CD28
62
Naive T cells differentiate into what two types?
Effector cells | Memory cells
63
Which cytokine is the major co-stimulator of TH2 cells?
IL-1
64
Which cytokine promotes IL-2?
IL-6
65
What is the role of CD40 in T cell activation?
i. It’s the costimulation signal FOR the costimulation signal! ii. Antigen recognition by helper T cell = expression of CD40L iii. CD40L binds to CD40 on APC which stimulates expression of B7 molecules and stimulates secretion of cytokines that activate helper T cells 1. B7 binds to CD28 on the helper T cell
66
What happens if IL-2 binds to IL-2R?
Clonal expansion
67
Effector TH cells require _____ signal(s) to become activated.
1 signal
68
What kind of cell can respond to peptide-MHC complexes on APC’s lacking B7?
Effector T helper cells
69
Which cells are long lived? Naive T cells or Effector T cells?
Naive
70
Which cells go to site of inflammation? Naive T cells or Effector T cells?
Effector
71
Which cells bind more effectively? Naive T cells or Effector T cells?
Effector
72
What kind of cell is "functionally quiescent" until re-exposure to an antigen?
Memory Helper T cells
73
Memory Helper T cells are ______ lived cells
Long lived
74
What happens when a memory helper T cell is re-exposed to an antigen?
Clonal expansion is induced then daughter cell differentiation into 1. Effector cells 2. Memory cells
75
Do memory helper T cells need signal 2 for activation?
No, only needs signal 1

RUSVM Immunology (7 decks)

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