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RUSVM Immunology > FINAL EXAM: Immunity to Tumors > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Immunity to Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

Altered self-cells that fail to grow normally are called…?

A

Tumor or neoplastic cells

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2
Q

Benign tumor

A

Not capable of indefinite growth

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3
Q

Malignant tumor

A

CANCER- continues to grow and is progressively invasive

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4
Q

How does a metastastic tumor spread?

A

Via lymph or blood

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5
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of epithelial cells

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6
Q

Sarcoma

A

Solid tumor of connective tissue

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7
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignant tumor of of bone marrow cells that proliferate as single cells

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8
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells that grow as tumor masses

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9
Q

How are tumor antigens classified?

A

Based on their pattern of expression

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10
Q

TSA

A

Tumor specific antigen

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11
Q

How are TSAs induced?

A

By viruses or carcinogens

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12
Q

FOCMA antigen

A

Virus-induced TSA found on neoplastic lymphoid cells of cats with Feline Leukemia Virus

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13
Q

Carcinogens induce ________ mutations

A

random

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14
Q

TAA

A

Tumor Associated Antigens

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15
Q

Where and when are TAA’s expressed?

A

Expressed on normal cells, but higher in concentration in cancer patients

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16
Q

How are tumor antigens (TAAs) processed, presented and recognized?

A

Processed as cytosolic proteins.
Presented as peptides together with class I MHC molecules on the surface of tumor cells
Recognized by CTLs as altered self-cells

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17
Q

What are reactivated gene products?

A

Products of developmental genes only expressed during embryonic development

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18
Q

Oncofetal genes

A

Cancer cells only in embryonic or fetal life that do NOT provoke protective immunity

19
Q

Why are oncofetal genes clinically relevant?

A

Important for tumor diagnosis

20
Q

AFP

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

21
Q

What does AFP do?

A

It is an immunoregulatory protein found majorly in fetal serum

22
Q

Where is AFP synthesized?

A

Yolk sac and fetal liver

23
Q

When would you see elevated AFP levels?

A

In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

24
Q

CEA

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen

25
Q

Where is CEA found?

A

Integral membrane protein found on:
gastrointestinal cells
pancreatic cells
liver cells

26
Q

When is CEA found?

A

During the first 2 trimesters of gestation

27
Q

When would you see increased levels of CEA?

A

In patients with carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, stomach, and breast.

28
Q

What does CEA do?

A

It is an intercellular adhesion molecule that promotes the binding of tumor cells to one another

29
Q

CEA and AFP are both what?

A

Oncofetal antigens

30
Q

Tumor antigens induce both ______ and _____ responses that results in the killing of tumor cells.

A

Humoral and CMI responses

31
Q

CTLs

A

CD8+ Cytolytic T Lymphocytes

32
Q

What do CTLs do?

A

Kill malignant cells expressing mutant cellular proteins or oncogenic viral proteins

33
Q

What is cross-priming in relation to CTLs?

A

The process of expressing co-stimulators that provide the 2nd signals needed for differentiation of CD8+ T cells into antitumor CTLs

34
Q

Do effector CTLs need co-stimulation in order to recognize and kill tumor cells?

A

NO

35
Q

What do NK (natural killer) cells do?

A

Kill tumor cells that have reduced class 1 MHC expression

36
Q

What receptor is commonly found on NK cells?

A

FcyRIII [CD16]

37
Q

What does the FcyRIII [CD16] receptor on NK cells do?

A

Binds to IgG coated tumor cells leading to ADCC

38
Q

What receptors are found on macrophages that allow them to bind to IgG coated tumor cells and mediate ADCC?

A

Fcy receptors

39
Q

When macrophages kill tumor cells, what is released?

A

Nitric Oxide and cytokine TNF-a.

40
Q

What does TNF-a do to tumors when secreted by activated macrophages?

A

Causes hemorrhage and necrosis of the tumor

41
Q

How do antibodies kill tumor cells?

A

By activating complement or by ADCC with NK cells and macrophages

42
Q

How do tumors evade immune responses?

A

By failing to produce tumor antigen, not expressing Class 1 MHC molecules, lack of co-stimulation, immunosuppresion or antigen masking. This causes T- cells to not be able to recognize the tumor cell.

43
Q

How do tumors achieve antigen-masking?

A

By increasing their expression of of cell surface glycocalyx molecules

44
Q

What are some methods of tumor immunotherapy?

A 
Cytokine therapy
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Interferons
Adoptive Cellular Therapy
Monoclonal antibodies
Tumor Vaccines

RUSVM Immunology (7 decks)

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