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Immunology > Immunology test 2 > Flashcards

Immunology test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen and MHC

Short linear peptides (a and B, not gamma)

A

What does a T cell have to have to be stimulated?

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2
Q

Polymorphic residue of MHC

A

What goes in the pocket in the T cell receptor?

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3
Q

The correct peptide and MHC

A

What does the T cell have to have to be activated by an antigen?

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4
Q
  1. T cell MHC antigen complex

2. B7 binds to CD28

A

What are the 2 signals needed from a dendritic cell to a T cell?

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5
Q

Dendritic cells
Macrophages

B cells

A

3 APCs

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6
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Only APC that can present to naive T cells

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7
Q

Cell mediated

A

What kind of immunity is a macrophage?

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8
Q

Engulf microbe
Put antigen on MHC molecule

Presents antigen to mature T cells

Effector gives abck cytokines that help kill microbe

A

How does a macrophage effect T cell?

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9
Q

Humoral immunity

A

What kind of immunity is a B cell?

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10
Q

Antigen meets B cell receptor and goes in cell. Can recognize anything. Chews it up on MHC molecule to an effector T cell. This occurs in borders b/t T and B cell zones in lymph node/spleen. As B cell becomes activated by seeing its antigen, T cell has to be activated by dendritic cells in T cell zone. They come together and activate each other. T cell then helps B cell produce more Ab and can become plasma cell

A

How do B cells activate T cells?

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11
Q

Border b/t T cell zone and B cell zone either in Lymph node/spleen

A

where does chewing up of antigen on MHC complex occur in B cell?

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12
Q

T cell zone

A

Where is the T cell activated by dendritic cells?

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13
Q

Costimulation

A

APCs display peptide MHC complexes in addition to other signals which provide a second signal.
Not including signal one

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14
Q

Adjuvants

A

Enhance antigen presentation by exposing to microbial products
Activates innate immune response

Ex. aluminum hydroxide things given w/ vaccine, up regulates signal 2 and allows T cell response

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15
Q

CD40-CD40L

A

Important for B cell activation and T cell help

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16
Q

MHC

A

Genetic locus whose products were responsible for the rapid rejection b/t tissue grafts exchanged b/t inbred strains of mice

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17
Q

Alleles

A

Variants in polymorphic genes

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18
Q

Genetic polymorphisms

A

Genes whose products can be different b/t individuals

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19
Q

Co dominant

A

Both alleles expressed

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20
Q

MHC genes

A

Polymorphic and polygenic

Everything is expressed due to codominance

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21
Q

Allogeneic

A

Express at least one different allele

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22
Q

Syngeneic

A

Express the same alleles

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23
Q

Class I: CD8 T cells, on all nucleated cells

Class II: CD4 helper cells, and only on restricted cells (APC)

A

Who do class I and II present to? Where are they?

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24
Q 
K,D,L = class one
A,E = Class II

ALways uppercase

A

What are the letters in Class I vs class II of MOUSE MHC nomenclature?

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25
Q

H-2

A

How do you know it is a mouse MHC?

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26
Q

K of d. Class I gene, d allele on a mouse

A

What does H-2Kd mean?

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27
Q

HLA- Human leukocyte antigen

A

How do you know it is a human MHC?

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28
Q

Class I- A,B,C

Class II- DP, DQ, DR

A

What are Class I vs Class II letters in human MHC nomenclature?

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29
Q

human MHC, Class I, allele 27

A

What does HLA-B27 mean?

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30
Q

human MHC, class II, allele 4

A

What does HLA-DR4 mean?

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31
Q

MHC haplotype

A

Set of alleles for a given individual

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32
Q

I: 2 alphas and b 2 microglobulin makes it shorter. Accommodates peptides of 8-11 residues

II: a and b (longer), peptides of 10-30 residues or more

A

Structural differences b/t Class I and II MHCs?

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33
Q

I: intracellular, cytosolic, CD8
II: Extracellular,vesicular, CD4

A 
Are class I or class II extracellular/intracellular?
Cytosolic/vesicular?
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34
Q

a chain, B2 microglobulin, and a bound peptide (heterotrimer)

A

What must be present for expression of Class I on cells surface?

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35
Q

B/t a chains

A

Where does the peptide sit in a class I MHC?

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36
Q

b/t a and B chains

A

Where does the peptide sit in an MHC type II molecule?

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37
Q

Innate and adaptive

A

What types of immune responses can increase expression of MHC molecules?

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38
Q

Cell surface

A

Where are the ends of the peptide in the cleft cleaved off?

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39
Q

When CD4 contacts macrophage secretes IFN-y which helps activate the macrophage and increases expression of type II MHC

A

What does IFN-y do?

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40
Q

Only peptides bind to MHC molecules

A

Why do most T cells recognize peptides and no other molecules?

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41
Q

Cell-associated

A

What do T cells recognize? cell associated/ soluble antigens?

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42
Q

MHC restriction

A

T cells from a given individual only recognize antigens in the context of their own MHC

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43
Q

Adaptive immunity takes time, have to be activated in lymph nodes, undergo clonal expansion, differentiate, etc.

A

Why do you have to wait after a mouse is infected w/ a virus to get a good CD8 response?

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44
Q

Transports peptides into the ER in Class I MHC stuff

A

What does TAP do?

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45
Q

Golgi

A

Where does the MHC peptide complex bud from and put in vesicles?

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46
Q

Endocytosis of extracellular protein

A

What starts the process of antigen processing and presentation in type II MHC?

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47
Q

I: Proteasome
II: Lysosomal enzymes

A

What degrades the protein into peptides in type I vs type II?

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48
Q

MHCs are made

A

What happens in the ER in both classes of MHC?

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49
Q

Keeps Class II from picking up peptides by binding to peptide binding cleft .

A

What does invariant chain do?

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50
Q

CD8- cytolytic

CD4- Helper

A

Is CD8/CD4 cytolytic/helper?

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51
Q

Chaperones in ER, invariant chain in ER, Golgi

A

Some things involved in transport of peptides and loading of MHC molecules Class II?

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52
Q

Ub

A

Tag that cells use to tell something to go to proteosome and be destroyed for normal turnover of cellular proteins.
Tags for degradation

Class I

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53
Q

TAP in ER

A

How do peptides cross the ER membrane?

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54
Q

Clip

A

What is left after the invariant chain has been cleaved?

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55
Q

HLADM

A

What holds Class II chains in an open configuration and removes Clip so other peptides can bind?

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56
Q
  1. Specific recognition of antigen
  2. Stable adhesion to the APC
  3. Transduction of activating signals
A

T cell activation requires 3 things

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57
Q

ITAM

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine based ACTIVATING motifs- Located on receptors for cell activation

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58
Q

ITIMS

A

Located on signalling chains remove phosphate group to counteract ITAMS via phosphotase, inhibits signal

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59
Q

Zeta and CD3

A

What phosphorylates the MHC T cell complex to transmit a signal?

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60
Q

CD3

A

Heterodimer, δ, E, and weird S, 1 ITAM/domain, signal transduction, Ab goes to this, often stimulates T cell responses that are identical to antigen induced responses

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61
Q

Zeta chain

A

Homodimer, 3 ITAMs/chain, in other cells (Fcy receptor of NK cells), signal transduction

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62
Q

CDR

A

3 of these located in variable region of a and B chain to recognize peptide-MHC complex

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63
Q

T cell receptor

A

Similar to Fab region on Ig molecule (in B cell)

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64
Q 
Ig= heavy and light chains
TCR= a and b chains
A

Difference in components of T cell receptor and Ig

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65
Q

3

A

How many CDRs do Igs and TCRs have?

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66
Q 
TCR= CD3 and z
Ig= Iga and Igb
A

What are the associated signaling molecules of a TCR and an Ig?

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67
Q

Ig

A

Production of secreted form, isotype switching, and somatic mutations
TCR or Ig?

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68
Q

Become phosphorylated and transmit a signal

A

What happens to 3 ITAMs when T cell is activated?

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69
Q

CD3

A

Required for T cell activation

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70
Q

MHC peptide ligand binds to TCR
Clustering of coreceptors (CD3 and Z)

Phosphorylation of ITAMs

Signal transduction

A

How is T cell activation initiated?

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71
Q

Fcy receptor on NK cells and T cells

A

What does z chain signal?

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72
Q

yS T cells

A

Only recognize antigens directly
Do not need MHC

Recognize target antigens directly

Innate like lymphocytes

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73
Q

aB

A

What are yS chains similar to in structure?

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74
Q

CD3 and z chains

A

What do yS T cells bind to?

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75
Q

No - generally

A

Do yS T cells express CD4/CD8?

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76
Q

yS T cells

A

May constitute a large percentage of IEL

77
Q

CD4 and CD8

A

Co receptors that help signalling occur

78
Q

CD28 T cell, B7-1, B7-2

A

Co stimulatory receptors

79
Q

Accessory molecules of T cells

A

Non polymorphic and invariant
Many transduce signals that, in concert w/ TCR signals, regulate functional responses

Increase strength of adhesion b/t T cells and APCs

Binding of accessory molecules to endothelium mediates cellular homing

80
Q

Cytokine receptors come together, jacks are activated and phosphorylated, stats attach to Jak and are phosphorylated, stat dimer migrates to nucleus, gene transcription

A

What happens in the Jak-Stat pathway?

81
Q

NF-KB

A

Cytokine/TLR stimulus, inhibitory protein becomes phosphorylated and marked w/ obiquitin, IKBa is degraded releasing NF-KB, NF-KB enters nucleus to being transcription

82
Q

BEcause they cooperate w/ the TCR in MHC recognition and T cell activation

A

Why are CD4 and CD8 called coreceptors?

83
Q

CD2

A

On most naive T cells, NK cell, and thymocytes, binds to CD58 (CD48 in mice), adhesion molecule and signal transducer, compensates for CD28

84
Q

SLAM

A

Co stimulatory receptor in T cells, NK cells, some B cells, signalling lymphocytic activation molecule reacts w/ itself in other cells.

85
Q

2B4

A

NK cells, CD8 T cells, yS T cells, part of SLAM family

86
Q

Non polymorphic regions of the MHC

A

What do CD4 and CD8 bind to?

87
Q

Transduce signals to the T cell

A

F (CD4/8)

88
Q
  1. T cell receptor, CD3, Z, CD8, CD4

2. B7 w/ CD28

A

What are the 2 signals?

89
Q

Cell becomes non functional and goes under apoptosis

A

What happens if signal one is activated but not signal two?

90
Q

NOthing happens to T cell, no activation of TCR

A

What happens if you only have signal 2?

91
Q

Signal 2: CD28 binding w/ B7 in combo w/ signal 1

A

How are naive T cells activated?

92
Q

CD28, B7-1, B7-2,

A

Expressed on APCs

Costimulatory molecules

93
Q

Also binds to B7 but sends an inhibitory signal to the T cell
Competes w/ CD28 and has higher affinity for B7 after activation which is to stop activation, dont want continually activated

A

What does CTLA-4 do?

94
Q

Nuclear receptors

A

Hormone that is lipid soluble that attaches to receptor in cytoplasm/nucleus

95
Q

Tyrosine kinase

A

Cancer agents inhibit this, stop tumor production

96
Q

Over productive, spread cancer production of vessels which help cancer grow

A

What happens when Tyrosine kinases are over activated?

97
Q

TK is detached from receptor in nucleus and other is attached

A

What is the difference b/t non receptor and receptor as far as tyrosine kinase?

98
Q

Vitamin D, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone

A

Nuclear signalling receptors

99
Q

G protein coupled receptors, leukotrienes, PG, histamine, chemokines,

A

Transmembrane receptors

100
Q

Transmembrane receptors

A

Go in and out of membrane, receptors on cell by themselves not w/ T cell receptor

101
Q

Hematopoeitic stem cell

A

What do all lymphocytes start as?

102
Q

Outside the bone marrow

A

Where do signals for commitment to B/T cell lineage come from?

103
Q
  1. Commitment to T/B cell lineage
  2. Proliferation of immature cells
  3. Rearrangement of receptor genes
  4. Selection
  5. Differentiation of B and T cells into distinct subpopulations
A

Steps of lymphocyte development

104
Q

Causes cell to proliferate cuz we want a big set of cells from bone marrow stroma/ thymus epithelial cells

A

What does IL-7 do?

105
Q 
B= bone marrow
T = thymus
A

Where does rearrangement occur for B/T cells?

106
Q

When they are activated and have been selected ( they don’t respond to self)

A

When do T cells become responsive to foreign antigen?

107
Q

At the immature lymphocyte stage

A

When does a lymphocyte become self antigen dependent?

108
Q

Mature lymphocyte to differentiated effector lymphocyte

A

When does a lymphocyte become foreign antigen dependent?

109
Q

Liver used to produce WBCs and RBCs under sever circumstances revert back to fetal conditions

A

Why does a dog with an immunodisease that is killing RBCs have an enlarged liver?

110
Q

B-1 B cells, T cells (before birth) YS T cells

A

What is made in the fetal liver?

111
Q

yS T cells

A

Only derived from fetal liver and thymus

112
Q

Majority of circulating B cells
T cells after birth

aB T cells

A

What comes from the bone marrow?

113
Q

Thymus

A

Where do T cells fully mature?

114
Q

NOTCH 1 which works w/ GATA3

A

Examples of transcription factors that cause a pluripotent stem cell to be a T cell?

115
Q

EBF, E2A stimulate Pax5

A

What are the transcription factors that make something a B cell?

116
Q

Causes proliferation of Pro B/T cell because we need lots of them to start w/. Then get gene rearrangement (heavy chain in B cell and B chain in T cell become rearranged and make a functional heavy or B chain)

A

What does the first IL 7 released do?

117
Q

Heavy chain rearrangement w/ surrogate light chain or there is going to be a pre a chain.

A

What is a pre antigen receptor?

118
Q

Cell death

A

What happens if pre antigen receptor fails to be expressed?

119
Q

Because they have a K and lambda chain . Rearrange K then lambda. If this doesn’t work still, get cell death

A

Why do B cells get a second chance if they responded to self antigen the first itme?

120
Q

T cells because they don’t get a 2nd chance

A

Which cells experience clonal deletion and why?

121
Q

B cell, when lambda chain is given a chance to rearrange itself. If K doesn’t work, undergoes receptor editing which is where lambda rearranges itself and then matures

A

What cells go thru receptor editing and why?

122
Q

Positive selection

A

Facilitates survival of potentially usefull lymphocytes

123
Q

Negative selection

A

Maintains tolerance to self,

Central tolerance

124
Q

CD4+

A

Differentiate into helper T cells upon activation by antigen
Secretes IL-2, which causes this to make itself proliferate and its neighboring cells. Then other cytokines push into Th1 vs Th2 vs Th17

125
Q

CD8+

A

Cytotoxic lymphocytes that kill infected cells

Can turn into memory cells

126
Q

Follicular B cells

A

Recirculate and located in secondary lymphoid organs,
T cell DEPENDENT

Lymphnodes and spleen

127
Q

Marginal zone B cells

A

Live in marginal sinus of spleen
Where blood pools which means can instantly respond so don’t need T cells to present and activate.

In quick responding areas

T cell INDEPENDENT

128
Q

H chain locus

A

In the B cell, which part of the DNA undergoes 2 rearrangements?

129
Q

K and lambda

A

What chains only undergo one rearrangement? No diversity,

130
Q

Lambda gets shut down, confirmationally changed, so can’t get transcribed

A

What happens if the K is successful?

131
Q

Alleic exclusion

A

Stops production/expressionof other heavy chain

Only need one

132
Q

Isotype exclusion

A

When lambda gets shut down and K stays. Lambda is confirmationally changed so can’t get transcribed

133
Q

Junction diversity

A

Produced when you add various end nucleotides going to be different when break apart
Only happens in heavy/B chain

134
Q

Common notorial diversity

A

From recombining J,D, and V segments

135
Q

Deletion

A

More common VDJ recombination because recombination sequences are facing opposite direction which is most common way it is setup

136
Q

Inversion

A

Happens when heptamers are facing same direction.

137
Q

Synapsis

A

2 coding segments brought together

RSS

138
Q

Cleavage

A

Rag-1 and Rag-2 complex; hold together chromosome

Rag-1 makes nick in one strand b/t coding and heptamer forming a hairpin

139
Q

1, but needs 2

A

Which Rag is responsible for the actual cutting part of cleavage?

140
Q

Hairpin opening/end processing

A

Artemis opens up hair pins. Not even, P nucleotides match up missing sequences, so have cut and Ps fill in then there is a gap b/t which is where variability happens because N nucleotides aren’t same everytime so adds junctional variability to recombination. Addition of bases to broken ends by TdT.

141
Q

Artemis

A

Endonuclease responsible for opening up hairpins

142
Q

Joining

A

Ligation of broken ends by DNA ligase

143
Q

Where artemis cut and left hanging segments.

A

Where does P nucleotide fill in to match corresponding segments?

144
Q

N nucleotide and cause juntional diversity

A

What fills the gap b/t the segments after P nucletides have been applied?

145
Q

Addition of n nucleotides

A

Where does variability come from?

146
Q

Receptor editing

A

When K is unsuccessful and rearrange y chain, 2nd chance

147
Q

Stem cell> Pro B

Pre B> Immature B

A

When does proliferation happen in B cell maturation?

148
Q

Rag

A

Nicks DNA

149
Q

Between Pro-B and Pre-B and b/t Pre-B and Immature B

A

When is Rag upregulated for recombination?

150
Q

Adds N nucleotides

A

What does TdT do?

151
Q

B/t Pro B and Pre B same time as first Rag

A

When is TdT upregulated?

152
Q

B/t Pro B and Pre B

recombines the heavy chain

A

When does the first B cell recombination happen?

153
Q

B/t Pre B and immature B

A

When does light chain recombination happen

154
Q

Immature> Mature B cell

Forms Cu and Cs mRNA

A

When does splicing happen in B cell? What does it form?

155
Q

On an immature B cell

A

When is IgM first expressed?

156
Q

Mature B cell

A

When is membrane IgM and IgD expressed on B cell?

157
Q

Immature B cell

A

When do B cells leave the bone marrow and go to the periphery?

158
Q

Immature B

A

What stage does B cell negative selection and receptor editing occur?

159
Q

Heavy chain has 2 recombinations. First, D and J, then V gets recombined w/ D and J
Light chain only rearranges V and J becaue it does not have D.

A

What is different b/t recombination and gene expresion in heavy vs light chain?

160
Q

Excess J segments

A

What gets thrown out during RNA processing?

161
Q

Pre-cell stage

A

When are surrogate light chains and a chains expressed?

162
Q
  1. Inititates survival and proliferation of that Pre-B cell,
  2. signals inhibitiion of heavy chain recombination on opposite chromosome because it needs to be silenced.

3Also initiates rearrangement of K chain (recombination) and

  1. eventually surrogate light chain will shut off
A

What does surrogate light chain do in pre B cell receptor?

163
Q

Heavy chain and an invariant surrogate light chain

A

What is the pre-B cell receptor composed of?

164
Q

Beta chain and a pre-T alpha chain

A

What is the pre-T cell receptor composed of?

165
Q
  1. Survival and proliferation of pre-T cells
  2. Inhibition of B chain gene recombination
  3. Stim of a chain recombination (causes expression of CD4 and CD8)
  4. Shut off of pTa transcription
A

What does pre-T cell receptor do?

166
Q 
B-1 = fetal liver
B-2 = Bone marrow
A

Where does B-1 come from vs B-2

167
Q

B-1

A

Come from fetal liver
Natural Ab

Limited receptor diversity

168
Q

Spleen

A

Where do immature B cells from the B-2 lineage go next?

169
Q

Transitional then either follicular or marginal zone B-2 cell

A

What happens to B-2 lineage in the spleen?

170
Q

Marginal only has IgM

A

Does marginal or follicular only have IgM and not IgD?

171
Q 
Follicular = weird S
Marginal = µ
A

Follicular/ marginal have µ or weird S heavy chain?

172
Q

Stem cell> Pro-T

Pre T> Double positive

A

When does T cell maturation need IL-7 to cause proliferation?

173
Q

Pro>Pre T

Pre T- Double positive

A

When does Rag get upregulated in T cell maturation?

174
Q

Pro-T to Pre-T

A

When is TdT upregulated?

175
Q

Pre-T

A

At what point is there a recombine B chain only?

176
Q

Recombination of B chain

A

What causes CD4 and CD8 to be expressed?

177
Q

b/t pre-t and double positive

A

When does the a chain recombine?

178
Q

Stem cell

A

What cell is in the bone marrow for T cell maturation?

179
Q

Pro, Pre, Double positive, single positive

A

What T cells are in the thymus

180
Q

Naive mature T cell

A

At what point do the T cells enter the periphery?

181
Q

Double positive

A

When do +/- selection first occur in T cell maturation?

182
Q

Naive, Pre T cell

A

In the bone marrow, what stage is the T cell at?

183
Q

Death by neglect, Double positive, negative selection of DP T cells

A

WHat happens in the cortex of the thymus?

184
Q

Goes thru positive selection and is either CD 4 or CD 8, or doesn’t express either,
CD4 and CD8 go thru negative selection

A

What happens in the thymus medulla?

185
Q

Either are CD4+ helper T lymphocyte, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte, yS T cell

A

What happens in the periphery to T cells?

186
Q

2 recombinations

D-J join, then V-D-J join.

A

What happens in recombination in the TCR gene B chain?

187
Q

Only 1 recombination

V-J joining, No D

A

What happens in a chain recombination?

188
Q

B

A

Which a or B loses a constant in recombination?

Immunology (9 decks)

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