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Immunology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocyte maturation

A

Process by which bone-marrow lymphocyte progenitors are converted to naive lymphocytes in the periphery

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2
Q

Lymphocyte repertoire

A

Collection of antigen receptors on B and T cells of a given individual

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3
Q

Stages of lymphocyte maturation

A

Stem cell
Pro-lymphocyte

Pre-lymphocyte

Immature lymphocyte

Mature lymphocyte

Differentiated effector lymphocyte

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4
Q

Somatic recombination

A

Each receptor is pieced together from different gene segments

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5
Q

Pre-lymphocytes express how many receptor chains?

A

One

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6
Q

Immature lymphocytes express how many receptor chains?

A

Two

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7
Q

@ what stage to lymphocytes leave the primary organ?

A

Immature lymphocyte

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8
Q

What is a mature lymphocyte?

A

A naive lymphocyte in the secondary organ

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9
Q

The common lymphoid progenitor cell gives rise to what types of cells?

A

T cells, B cells and NK cells

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10
Q

A Pro-T cell can become what types of cells

A

Alpha-beta T cell or gamma-delta T cell

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11
Q

How many chances does each cell get to recombinate?

A

2 chances for each chain of the receptor because there are 2 copies of each gene

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12
Q

Which type of cell only expresses one chain of the antigen receptor?

A

Pre- T and B cells

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13
Q

T or F:

Lymph nodes are considered generative organs

A

False!

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14
Q

L

A

leader sequence in the DNA that precedes each variable region gene

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15
Q

V

A

variable region

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16
Q

H

A

heavy chain variable region

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17
Q

kappa

A

one of the light chains

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18
Q

lambda

A

one of the light chains

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19
Q

D

A

Diversity region

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20
Q

Where are diversity regions located?

A

On the Heavy chain for Immunoglobulins and the beta chain of the T cell receptor

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21
Q

Enh

A

enhancer region

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22
Q

C

A

constant regions

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23
Q

Combinatorial diversity

A

diversity achieved from rearrangement of gene segments

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24
Q

junctional diversity

A

diversity achieved though the addition of templated and nontemplated nucleotides at the junction regions between gene segments

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25
Q

What helps to catalyze recombinations?

A

heptamer and nonamer sequences between gene segments

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26
Q

Which receptor has greater potential for diversity?

TCR or Ig

A

TCR

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27
Q

P nucleotides

A

templated junctional nucleotides

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28
Q

N nucleotides

A

non-templated junctional nucleotides

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29
Q

What drives commitment to T and B cell lineages?

A

specific transcriptional mediators

T cells: Notch-1 and GATA-3

B cells: EBF, E2A and Pax-5

30
Q

When does proliferation occur in B cell maturation?

A

Between stem cell and Pro-B cell

Between Pre-B cell and Immature B cell

31
Q

When is Rag expressed in B cell maturation?

A

between Pro-B and Pre-B

between Pre-B and immature B

32
Q

When is TdT expressed?

A

between Pro-B and Pre-B

33
Q

What does TdT do?

A

Adds non-templated nucleotides

34
Q

When does recombination of the heavy chain occur in B cell maturation?

A

During Pre-B stage

35
Q

When does recombination of the light chain occur in B cell maturation?

A

During immature B cell stage

36
Q

@ what stage can a B cell go to the periphery?

A

Immature B

37
Q

@ what stage does negative selection and receptor editing occur with B cells?

A

Immature B

38
Q

@ what stage does activation of B cells occur?

A

Mature B

39
Q

Which Ig chain recombines first?

A

Heavy chain

40
Q

Which segments of the heavy chain recombine and in what order?

A

First D and J

Then V is added

41
Q

What is the function of surrogate light chain in B cell maturation?

A

stabilizes the heavy chain until the cell gets the signal to continue to the next stage

42
Q

What gene segments recombine in the light chain of Ig and in what order?

A

V and J

43
Q

Which Igs can be produced by mature naive B cells?

A

IgM and IgD

44
Q

What chains are present in the pre-B cell receptor?

A

heavy chain and surrogate light chain

45
Q

What chains are present int he pre-T cell receptor?

A

beta chain and pre-T alpha chain

46
Q

B1 cells

A

B cells made in the fetal liver before birth

47
Q

Function of B1 cells

A

produce natural antibodies that bind nonspecifically to antigens to give quick protection

48
Q

B2 cells

A

B cells made int he bone marrow after birth

49
Q

Can a naive B cell express IgM and IgD on its surface?

A

yes

50
Q

RAG

A

recombinase activating gene

51
Q

What are the stages of B cell maturation?

A

Stem cell
Pro-B

Pre-B

Immature B

Mature B

52
Q

What are the stages of T cell maturation?

A

Stem Cell
Pro-T

Pre-T

Double Positive

Single positive (immature T cell)

Naive mature T cell

53
Q

When does proliferation occur during T cell maturation?

A

Between stem and Pro-T

Between Pre-T and double positive

54
Q

When is Rag expressed?

A

Between Pro-T and Pre-T

Between Pre-T and double positive

55
Q

When is TdT expressed?

A

between Pro-T and Pre-T

56
Q

@ which stage of T cell maturation is a recombined beta chain present with pre-T alpha chain?

A

Pre-T

57
Q

@ which stage are CD4 and CD8 expressed?

A

double positive

58
Q

@ which stage of T cell maturation is a full TCR first expressed?

A

Double positive

59
Q

@ which stage is either CD4 or CD8 first expressed alone?

A

Single positive (immature cell)

60
Q

@ which stage does the T cell undergo positive ad negative selection?

A

Double positive

61
Q

@ which stage does the T cell under go activation?

A

Naive mature T cell

62
Q

What chains are present in a Pre-T cell receptor?

A

beta chain and pre-T alpha chain

63
Q

Double negative cells are found where?

A

In the cortex of the thymus

64
Q

Single positive cells are first found where?

A

Medulla of the thymus

65
Q

Which chain of the TCR recombines first?

A

beta chain

66
Q

What is the order of the rearrangement of the beta chain segments?

A

D-J

Then V is added

67
Q

What is the order of recombination of the segments of the alpha chain?

A

V-J

68
Q

Failure of a T cell to recognize a self MHC-peptide complex in the thymus results in:

A

death by neglect

lack of positive selection

69
Q

What are the 3 possibilities for selection in the thymus?

A

Positive selection

Lack of positive selection (death by neglect)

Negative selection

70
Q

Central tolerance

A

mechanism by which T and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self

(occurs in the thymus and bone marrow)

71
Q

Peripheral tolerance

A

process by which auto-reactive T and B cells that escape central organs are deleted

(occurs in the periphery)

Immunology (9 decks)

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