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Immunology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Antibody? alternate names?

A

Circulating substance within the serum of animals immunized or exposed

– Antitoxin

– Immunoglobulin ( Ig )

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2
Q

Antigen

A

The substance antibodies recognized

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3
Q

What most common form of antibody? from where? what happens if deficient in them?

A

• IgA. from mucosal surfaces, can be deficient- recurrent pneumonia,rhinitis

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4
Q

Two forms of antibodies? job?

A

Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell,and a membrane -boundform that is attached to the surface of a B cell andis referred to as the B cell receptor. The BCR is only found on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells, or memory B cell.

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5
Q

What is serology?

A

• Concentrationof antibody for an antigen determined via serial dilutions

• Lookingfor lowest concentration antibody canot be detected
last observed equivilant /measure until no more color=titer

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6
Q

what is a titer?influenced by?

A

– An antibody titer is ameasurement of how much antibody anorganism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope ,expressed as the greatest dilution that still gives a positive result. ELISA is acommon means of determining antibody titers .

– Influenced by vax history because would have already produced antibody, high titer was recently vax

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7
Q

What are the main effector functions of B cells?

A

-Neutralization
-activation of complement system
-opsonization of pathogens
antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity( NK< macro, neutrophil) all have an antigen on them and B cell binds and lysis antigen
- antibody mediated mast cell activation

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8
Q

Two portions of an antibody?Tell me about them

A

• Fc region( constant)

– Effector function- notchange bt antibody classes

– Non-antigen binding portion

•   Fabregion    –   Antigen binding site

– Highly variable-heavy and light chain together

– Distinguish Antibodies

– Heavy chain-determines class of antibody (IgA, IgG etc ) vs lightchain-varies for each antigen

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9
Q

What do we test for with protein electrophoresis?normally see a probelm with? Two types of results?

A

Globulin( normally a probelm with gamma)
Polyclonal( multiple globulins are increased)
Monoclonal( single globulin increased)- normally represent cancer

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10
Q

What portion of antibodies binds to antigens? what part contacts antigen the most?

A

CDR- complementary determining region
most of antibody variability is contained within three short regions(CDR1, CDR2, CDR3)=hyper variable

CDR3 contacts antigen the most

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11
Q

T/F antibodies can be divided into classes but not subclasses

A

False- have both classes and subclasses( igD- class IgD3-subclass)

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12
Q

Two types of light chains? different or same?

A

• k and l, butare functionally the same .

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13
Q

What is IgA function?

A

mucosal immunity

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14
Q

What is IgD function

A

native B cell receptor

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15
Q

What is IgE function?

A

Responds to parasites and hypersensitivity

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16
Q

What does IgG do?

A

Opsonization, complimenent activation, antibody dependent mediated cytotoxicity etc

17
Q

What does IgM do?

A

Naive B cell antigen receptor, compliment activation, first receptor until T cells stimulate class switching

18
Q

What antibodies are you looking for with toxoplasmosis detection and what are the possible results?

A

+igM -IgG= early infection

+IgG - IgM= later or recurrent infection

19
Q

Difference between membrane bound and secreted antibody?

A

• Secreted

– Short tail

– Carboxy terminal hydrophilic

– Free floating and hyordphilic tail

• Membrane-bound

– Transmembrane region

– Carboxy terminal hydrophobicwith in transmembrane region

20
Q

What causes a hypersensitivity? Normally caused by? antibodies made agaisnt what?

A

– All involve antibody interaction with aperceived antigen and sometimes complement

– Antibody:antigen complex, stuck in capillaries, joints ocular vessels=inflammation

• Oftenrelated to administration of a different species’ product ( Ig ,hormones, proteins )

– Antibodies made to Constant regionof introduced Ig

21
Q

how make monoclonal antibodies? uses?

A

• Take aB cell(specific for a single epitope on antigen) and combine with myloemia cell(tumor) that continuously reproduce and produce specificantibodies to use testing for diseases, targeting cells,tumor detectionstimulate /inhibitother cells functions,etc .

22
Q

limitations of monoclonal antibodies?how fix?

A
  • most were developed in mice so can still have a Human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA)
    • Genetic engineering used to humanize antibodies- basicallykeep CDR region(heavy chain?) as mouse and rest is the human portion
23
Q

How get diverstiy of antigen detection by B cells?

A

• Maturation of B cells from bone marrow progenitors is accompanied byrearrangement and expression of H and L chains

24
Q

T/F all antigen can bind to any antibody

T/F all antigens can activate lymphocytes

A

False- antigens are very specific

Flase-while all antigens can be recognized only some can activate lymphocytes

25
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Portion of antigen bound to antibody

26
Q

What is a hapten? What is a carrier?what is a hapten carrier conjugate? goal for?

A

H- small chemical too small to beimmune system/antibody response by itself
C- Protein or polysaccharide that isconjugated to hapten to induce an Antibody response
H-C- combination that c auses antigen response
– B cells can recognize hapten carrier and produce, antibodies bindto hapten orcarrier or both

• Ex: Vaccines!

27
Q

What is an epitope?types?

A

Portion of a macromolecule that an antibody binds to

1) Linear determinant- recognize adjacent ammino acids can be o n external surface or inaccessibleunless denatured
2) conformation determinat- Amino acid residues not in sequence butbecome spatially positioned next to each other in the folded protein and be recognized by antibody
3) neoantigenic- modification happens and antibody can recognize it now

28
Q

What is an affinity? avidity?

T/F can have low affinity and high avidity?

A

• Affinity: Strength of binding between single epitope and antibody binding site
Definition(SINGLE antibody:antigen reaction)

• Avidity: Cumulative strength of attachment of all antibody binding sites toepitopes (MULTIPLEstrength)
True

29
Q

what is affinity maturation?

A

is the process by which B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response. With repeated exposures to the same antigen, a host will produce antibodies of successively greater affinities.

30
Q

What is isotype/class switching?

A

– Change in heavy chain of constant regionresults in changing the antibody isotype

– Variable regions remain the same keepingthe antigen specificity the same

Immunology (9 decks)

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