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Immunology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of the humoral immune response?

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Proliferation
  3. Differentiation
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2
Q

What is involved in the recognition phase of the humoral response?

A

Antigen binds to naive IgM+IgD+ mature B cells

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3
Q

What is involved in the proliferation phase of the humoral response?

A

Activated B cell proliferates through clonal expansion

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4
Q

What is the differentiation phase of the humoral response?

A

Progeny B cells develop into plasma cells or long lived memory cells

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5
Q

What are the effector cells of the humoral response?

A

plasma cells

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6
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

Effector B cells that secrete antibodies

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7
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

When mutations occur in the germline of the IgG that make the antibody have higher affinity for the antigen

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8
Q

What are T cell dependent antigens?

A

antigens that require CD4 T cells that recognize the same antigen

usually proteins

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9
Q

What are T cell independent antigens?

A

antigens in which antibody responses can be made in the absence of CD4 T cell help

Polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids

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10
Q

In which type of antigen is heavy chain class switching comming?

A

T cell dependent

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11
Q

In which type of antigen is affinity maturation common?

A

t cell dependent

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12
Q

Why don’t T cell independent antigens require T cell help?

A

because they can’t be presented on MHC

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13
Q

Where are humoral immune responses initiated?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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14
Q

what collects blood borne antigens?

A

the spleen

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15
Q

what collects antigens from the skin or other epithelial surfaces?

A

draining peripheral lymph nodes

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16
Q

what collects inhaled or ingested antigens?

A

mucosal lymphoid tissue

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17
Q

What class of antibodies are produced in a primary response?

A

Mostly IgM

A little IgG

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18
Q

What type of antibody is produced in a secondary response?

A

IgG

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19
Q

Which types of antigens can induce a primary response?

A

all immunogens

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20
Q

Which types of antigens can induce a secondary response?

A

only protein antigens

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21
Q

Which response (primary or secondary or both) is capable of undergoing affinity maturation?

A

secondary

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22
Q

What types of long-lived cells are produced during a primary response?

A

plasma cells - survive in the bone marrow and produce antibodies for long periods

memory B cells

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23
Q

Which types of B cells can respond to T-independent antigens?

A

Marginal zone B cells and B1 B cells

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24
Q

Which type of B cells responds to T dependent antigens?

A

Follicular B cells

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25
Q

Which type of B cells participate in the germinal center reaction?

A

follicular B cells

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26
Q

What type of antibody do marginal zone B cells produce?

A

IgM

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27
Q

What type of antibody do B1 cells produce?

A

IgM

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28
Q

Where are B1 B cells found?

A

mucosal tissues, peritoneal cavity

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29
Q

which type of B cell is capable of producing long-lived plasma cells?

A

follicular B cells

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30
Q

What class of antibody can Follicular B cells produce?

A

IgG, IgA, IgE

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31
Q

What forms the germinal center?

A

Activated B cells that have gotten help from CD4 cells

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32
Q

which type of B cell can undergo class switching?

A

FOB

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33
Q

Can marginal zone B cells and B1 B cells get CD4 help?

A

NO

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34
Q

What are the antigen receptors of mature B cells?

A

membrane Ig molecules

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35
Q

What are the antigen receptors for naive B cells?

A

IgM and IgD

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36
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the B cell antigen receptor?

A
  1. binding of antigen –> receptor clustering –> signal transduction –> cellular activation
  2. for proteins - receptor binds and internalizes antigen into endosomal vesicles –> presentation of peptides on MHC II
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37
Q

What is ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif)?

A

signaling portion of the B cell receptor

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38
Q

What part of the B cell receptor complex contain ITAMs?

A

Ig-alpha and Ig-beta

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39
Q

What is the B cell receptor complex?

A

Ig + Ig-alpha + Ig-beta

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40
Q

What leads to phosphorylation of the ITAMs?

A

antigen mediated crosslinking of 2 or more receptors

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41
Q

What is CCR2?

A

Complement receptor for Cd3

42
Q

When can CD3 activate the CCR2 complex?

A

When it is bound to antigen

43
Q

How can PAMPs activate B cells?

A

By binding to TLRs on the B cell

44
Q

How does CD3 activate a B cell?

A

Binds to an antigen and the binds to the CCR2 complex

45
Q

What signals can synergize with the B cell receptor to enhance B cell proliferation and differentiation?

A

CD3 (with antigen) –> CCR2

PAMPs –> TLRs

46
Q

Will antigen alone activate a B cell?

A

No, need CD3 or a PAMP

47
Q

What are the functional responses of antigen-mediated crosslinking o the BCR complex?

A

Increased survival/proliferation
Increased expression of B7s

Increased expression of cytokine receptors

Increased expression of CCR7 for migration to T cell areas

48
Q

What is the classical complement pathway?

A

activation of the complement system by binding to antigen-complexed antibody molecules

49
Q

What are the alternative and lectin complement pathways?

A

Activation of complement by binding directly to microbes or to a carbohydrate

50
Q

What is the key component of complement activation of B cells?

A

C3

51
Q

Cleavage of C3 yields what?

A

C3b

52
Q

Degradation of C3b yields what?

A

C3d

53
Q

What is CR2 (CCR2 sometimes)

A

C3d receptor on B cells

54
Q

What is the result of CR2 activation?

A

ITAM on CD19 can be activated by kinases –> B cell activation

55
Q

The requirement for a second signal for B cell activation has what consequences?

A

A B cell response will only occur when microbes and antigens that activate complement are encountered

The response is amplified because more antibodies will be produced –> more complement –> more B cell activation

56
Q

CD4 T cells stimulate what responses from B cells?

A

clonal expansion
isotype switching

affinity maturation

differentiation into memory B cells

57
Q

Where does the initial T-B interaction occur?

A

Outside the follicle

58
Q

Where are short-lived plasma cells produced?

A

outside the follicle with the help of an extrafollicular helper T cells

59
Q

After the initial T-B interaction, what are the possible fates of the B cell?

A
  1. Remain outside the follicle –> short-lived plasma cell

2. Re-enter the follicle –> long-lived plasma cell or memory cell

60
Q

What cells interact with B cells in the germinal center?

A

Follicular dendritic cell

Follicular helper T cell

61
Q

What controls the movement of T and B cells during Ab responses?

A

altering the expression of specific chemokine receptors on the cell surface

62
Q

What promotes T cell movement toward the follicle?

A

Downregulation of CCR7

upregulation of CXCR5

63
Q

What promotes movement of B cells toward the T cell zone?

A

Upregulation of CCR7

64
Q

What happens to protein antigens bound to membrane Ig?

A

They are endocytosed and presented as peptide fragments on MHC II

65
Q

What stimulates expression of B7s?

A

Antigen binding to the B cell

66
Q

What happens after a B cell presents antigen to a T cell?

A

Activation of the B cell by cytokines and CD40 ligation; initiation of the germinal center reaction

67
Q

Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both undergo isotype switching?

A

both

68
Q

Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both undergo affinity maturation?

A

germinal cener

69
Q

Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both become long plasma cells?

A

germinal center

70
Q

Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both become memory cells?

A

germinal center

71
Q

Can the T cell receptor be mutated once it is an effector?

A

No

72
Q

Can the B cell receptor be mutated once it is an effector?

A

yes

73
Q

When do helper T cells express CD40 ligand?

A

after recognizing antigen and costimulators

74
Q

What happens after CD40 and CD40L interaction?

A

B cell proliferation and differentiation

75
Q

What is a hapten?

A

An antigen that is too small to be recognized by T cells

76
Q

How can a T cell help B cells respond to haptens?

A

If the hapten is covalently linked to a carrier, the T cell can help by recognizing the carrier

77
Q

What stimulates antibody synthesis and secretion?

A

CD40 mediated signals and cytokines

78
Q

What cytokine stimulate antibody production?

A

IL-2, IL-4, IL-6

79
Q

Where are antibody secreting cells primarily found?

A

red pulp of the spleen or medulla of the lymph node

80
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

antibody secreting cells that migrate to the bone marrow

81
Q

What is the dark zone of a germinal center?

A

Where proliferating cells are

82
Q

What is the light zone of a germinal center?

A

where B cells actively proliferate and interact with follicular DC and T helper cells

undergo affinity maturation

83
Q

What is the mantle zone of a germinal center?

A

where naive B cells are

84
Q

Do germinal centers form during T cell independent antibody responses?

A

no

85
Q

What is the first Ig made?

A

IgM

86
Q

What type of Ig is produced in response to IFN-gamma?

A

IgG2a

87
Q

what type of Ig is produced in response to IL-4

A

IgE and IgG1

88
Q

What type of Ig is produced in response to TGF-beta?

A

IgA

89
Q

Where are high levels of IgA found?

A

in the GI tract

90
Q

What is the effector function of IgM?

A

complement activation

91
Q

What are the effector functions of IgG?

A

complement activation
Fc receptor dependent phagocyte responses

neonatal immunity

92
Q

what are the effector functions of IgE?

A

immunity against helminths

mast cell degranulation

93
Q

what is the effector function of IgA?

A

mucosal immunity

94
Q

What is the cytokine signal for IgM?

A

none

95
Q

Switch recombination

A

rearranged VDJ gene segment recombines with a downstream C region gene and the intervening sequences are lost

permanent change in the DNA

96
Q

what is the purpose of somatic hypermutation?

A

increase affinity of antibody for antigen

97
Q

mutations during primary and secondary responses are mostly confined to what regions?

A

CDR

98
Q

Can T cell independent antigens induce delayed type hypersensitivity?

A

no

99
Q

What is antibody feedback?

A

When lots of antibodies are produced they will bind to the antigen.

B cells have an Fc receptor that binds to the Fc region of the antibody and will send a negative signal to shut off antibody production.

This receptor is activated when an antigen-antibody complex binds to the B cell

100
Q

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif

A

the inhibitory motif on the cytoplasmic tail of the Fc receptor on a B cell

Immunology (9 decks)

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