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IHO FINAL > Immunology Part III > Flashcards

Immunology Part III Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heavy chain of the antibody?

A

On the inside (two light chains branch off on outside)

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2
Q

What holds together the hinge region of an antibody and the domains (bubbles)?

A

S-S disulfide bonds!

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3
Q

What are the different kinds of H (heavy) chains?

A

Gamma (G), alpha (A), mu (M), epsilon (E), delta (D)

  • It defines the class of antibody to which a molecule belongs & its biological properites
  • A cell may class switch with heavy chains but its L chain will stay the same (ex: IgG to IgM)
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4
Q

What are the different kinds of L (light) chains?

A

Kappa or lambda.

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5
Q

What are the key structural features of IgG?

A

Two light chains, two heavy chain, one subunit, circle on bottom

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6
Q

What are the key structural features of IgG3?

A

Like IgG except it has a much larger/longer hinge region (>10 disulfide bonds), better binder of complement due to its hinge region

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7
Q

What are the key structural features of IgM?

A

5 Individual IgMs linked together by a J chain (looks like IgG X 5 in a circle)

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8
Q

What are the key structural features of IgA?

A

Two individual IgA molecule linked together by their bottoms/constant regions, have a J chain and secretory component linking them together

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9
Q

What are the key structural features of IgD?

A

Looks similar to IgG. Has small (one disulfide bone) hinge region. Only found on naive B cells, membrane bound, doesn’t play role at site of infection.

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10
Q

What are the key structural features of IgE?

A

Looks similar to IgM but its always secreted in monomeric form. It has many carbohydrate units attached. One disulfide bond above CH2 and one bond below CH2.

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11
Q

What is the Fab and Fc regions?

A

Fab - where the antigen binds - has one constant and one variable segment
Fc - constant region, bottom on antibody

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12
Q

What is an allotype?

A

Minor allelic differences in the sequence of immunoglobulins between individuals (like eye and blood types differ). The allotropes you express are determined by your parents and pass in Mendelian fashion

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13
Q

What is an idiotype?

A

Each antibody will have its unique combining region, made up of the CDR amino acids of its L and H chains. We call this unique structure an idiotype. [An idiotype is an antibody’s unique combining site considered as an antigen]

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14
Q

What is valence?

A

Refers to the number of antigenic determinants (epitopes) an antibody molecule can theoretically bind

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15
Q

What is the valence of IgG?

A

2

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16
Q

What is the valence of IgA?

A

4

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17
Q

What is the valence of IgM?

A

10 - truth is it puckers so it can only take 5

18
Q

Valence of Fab?

A

1

19
Q

Valence of F(ab’)?

A

2

20
Q

Valence of VL or VH?

A

0 - you need the combination to make a binding site

21
Q

What are the relative concentrations of antibodies in the serum?

A 
IgG - 1000 mg/dL (most common!)
IgA - 200 mg/dL
IgM - 100 mg/dL
IgD - 5 mg/dL
IgE - 0.02 mg/dL 
Order is: GAM-DE
22
Q

What antibodies usually activate complement (classical) pathway?

A

IgG or IgM

23
Q

What is the general function of IgG isotype?

A

Main antibody in blood and tissue fluids. It neutralizes toxins and blood-borne viruses, binds bacteria and facilitates their destruction by activating complement and by binding them to phagocytic cells.

24
Q

What is the general function of IgA isotype?

A

Can do similar things in the blood as IgG, but its real role is as the dimer form in secretions, where secretory component protects it from proteolysis.

25
Q

What is the general function of IgM isotype?

A

It does much the same as IgG. It is the first Ab to appear in the serum after immunization and it is very efficient at activating complement.

26
Q

What is the general function of IgD isotype?

A

Role in blood, if any, is uncertain. It seems to function as a receptor on naive B cells

27
Q

What is the general role of IgE isotype?

A

The antibody which causes Type I immunopathology, also called immediate hypersensitivity or allergy.
-It’s true importance is in resistance to worms and other parasites.

28
Q

What two cytokines are required to move from Hematopoietic Stem Cell to Lymphoid progenitor cell?

A

IL-7 and IL-3

29
Q

What is the B7 receptor also called?

A 
B7-1 = CD80
B7-2 = CD86
30
Q

What’s present at the immunological synapse?

A

T cell binding APC.
B7 on APC binds CD28 on T cell.
MHC on APC binds TCR on T cell (CD3 & CD4).
LFA 1 & 2 on T cell binds ICAM-1/3 on APC.

31
Q

What antibody isotype has the highest serum half life?

A

IgG

32
Q

What antibody isotype can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

33
Q

What antibody isotype is best at complement fixation?

A

IgM (and a little IgG)

34
Q

What antibody isotype does mast cell/basophil degranulation?

A

IgE

35
Q

What antibody isotype does Bacterial Lysis?

A

IgM (tiny bit of IgG and IgA)

36
Q

What antibody isotype does antiviral activity?

A

IgA (little IgM and IgG)

37
Q

What antibody isotype does toxin neutralization?

A

IgG and IgA

38
Q

What antibody has a serum half-life of 8-23 days?

A

IgG

39
Q

What is the biological function of IgM?

A
  • Excellent at agglutination and precipitation of antigens
  • As a monomer it can serve as a surface receptor for antigens on B cells (like IgD)
  • Elevated levels indicate a recent infection or other exposure to antigen
  • Can be present in bodily secretions
40
Q

What is the biological function of IgG (IMPORTANT)?

A
  • Good at agglutination and precipitation of antigens
  • Binds to macrophage Fc receptors
  • Can mediate hemolytic disease of the newborn (blue baby syndrome, Rh)
  • Can be used to protect immunocompromised individuals (gamma globulin)
  • Can be used as a blocking antibody to block TNF production (RA)
41
Q

What is the biological function of IgA (IMP)?

A
  • Good at agglutination and precipitation of antigens
  • Daily production of IgA is greater than any other Ig
  • Present in bodily secretions
  • Present at very high level in colostrum and present in breast milk
  • Provides excellent level of protection for newborns against resp. and intestinal infections
42
Q

What is the biological function of IgE?

A
  • Cross-linking of IgE surface molecules on the surface of mast cell or basophil causes the release of histamine; the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, etc.
  • Plays role in combating parasitic and pulmonary fungal infections
  • Individuals who express allergies to certain antigens over-produce IgE to those antigens
  • Many mast cells are degranulate, resulting in over-stimulation of the immune system that is manifested as an allergic reaction (Type I hypersensitivity)
  • IgE also plays a role in asthma

IHO FINAL (12 decks)

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