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IHO FINAL > Immunology Part I > Flashcards

Immunology Part I Flashcards

1
Q

What does TLR3 bind (innate system)?

A

dsRNA of viruses

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2
Q

What is the first cell to encounter pathogen/infection/resident in tissue?

A

Resident macrophage

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3
Q

What is the first cell that responds/migrates to infection/pathogen?

A

Neutrophil

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4
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

“Built-in” immunity that is non inducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy pathogens and associated products.

  • Does not require previous exposure to pathogen to work
  • Mediated be phagocytosis
  • Recognizes common molecular pattern of pathogens known as PAMPs
  • CANNOT BE INDUCED TO BE MORE SPECIFIC
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5
Q

In general, myeloid precursors give rise to. . .

A

. . .innate immune cells!

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6
Q

What are innate immune receptors called?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) –> TLRs are a subfamily of this!

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7
Q

Overall goal of complement:

A

Control inflammation

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8
Q

What happens after TLR3 binds dsRNA?

A
  • NRKB and IRF3 are activated and go the nucleus
  • Causes changes in gene transcription that lead to the release of IFN-beta
  • IFN-beta is a potent ANTI-VIRAL response
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9
Q

What are the three main functions of complement?

A
  1. Lysis
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Opsonization
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10
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Secreted molecules involved in cell-to-cell signaling

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11
Q

What are chemokines?

A

A large family of cytokines that can attract cells into inflamed tissue and play a role in leukocyte homing. - “direct traffic of immune cells”

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12
Q

What are the six major categories of cytokines?

A
  1. Interferons (IFNs)
    - Type I (alpha and beta)
    - Type II (gamma)
  2. Interleukins (ILs)
  3. Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
  4. Chemokine
  5. Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs)
  6. Transforming Growth Factors (TGFs)
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13
Q

What are Interferons?

A

Generally, they are cytokines that are important in limiting the spread of viral infections.
-They induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells

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14
Q

What are Type I Interferons?

A

IFN alpha & IFN beta - Produced by cells that have become infected with virus

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15
Q

What are Type II Interferons?

A

IFN gamma - released by activated Th1 cells!

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16
Q

What are Interleukins?

A

Large group of cytokines produced mainly by T cells (also macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, etc.).
–Variety of functions including causing neighboring cells to divide and differentiate.

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17
Q

What are Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)?

A
  • Primarily involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells and precursors of blood leukocytes.
  • Controls how many and what kind of leukocyte is to be produced
18
Q

What is a chemokine?

A

Chemotactic cytokine used to direct the movement of leukocytes around the body

19
Q

What is Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFs)?

A

Particularly important in mediating inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

20
Q

What are Transforming Growth Factors (TGFs)?

A

Important in regulating cell division and tissue repair.

21
Q

What are important properties of Adaptive Immunity?

A
  • It has “memory”. The secondary adaptive immune response is faster and stronger than the first.
  • It shows “tolerance”. In ability to make an immune response toward self-antigens.
22
Q

What are Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)?

A

Bridge cells
-They link the innate and adaptive immune systems by taking up and processing antigens so they can be recognized by T cells.
[Dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages]

23
Q

What provides the “bridge back” to help phagocytes work better at cleaning infection?

A

Antibodies!

24
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active - memory response - outcome of exposure to antigens through infection and usually results in protective immunity conferred by antibodies and T cells.
Passive - Immunoglobulin transfusion or breast milk. No exposure to antigen, response developed immediately but cannot be maintained.

25
Q

What does the Lymphoid progenitor side need to form from a Pluripotent Stem Cell?

A

IL-3

26
Q

What does the Myeloid progenitor need to form from a Pluripotent Stem Cell?

A

IL-3 & GM-CSF (Granulocyte-Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor)

27
Q

What does a Natural Killer Cell do?

A

Looks to see if MHC is missing on cells, and then kills the cell if MHC is missing

28
Q

What are the characteristics associated with SCID?

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder

  • Low gamma globulin fraction
  • Combined B and T cell immunodeficiencies (don’t make any B or T cells)
  • Recurrent infection with a wide range of pathogens
  • ADA deficiency that leads to no Pro-B or Pro-T cells being formed
  • Immune system protection from mother in womb and until 6 months of age - so usually not discovered until later than 9 months
29
Q

What cell marker do all leukocyte groups have?

A

CD45+ (on all T cells!!)

30
Q

What are PMNs?

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils

  • Most numerous of the polymorphonuclear granulocytes
  • Constitute the majority of leukocytes (white blood cells) int he blood stream (around 60-70% in adults)
31
Q

What are the primary actions of eosinophils and basophils?

A

Function as phagocytes and involve granule release (exocytosis)

32
Q

What is required for a CFU-GEMM (myeloid lineage) to form CFU-GM?

A

IL-3 and GM-CSF

33
Q

What is required for CFU-GM to make monocytes?

A

M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3

34
Q

What is required for CFU-GM to make neutrophils?

A

G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3

35
Q

What is required for Monocytes to make macrophages?

A

GM-CSF, M-CSF

36
Q

What is required for monocytes to make DC?

A

GM-CSF, IL-4

37
Q

What is required for CFU-Eo to make eosinophils?

A

IL-5, IL-3, GM-CSF

38
Q

What promotes the growth of megakaryocytic?

A

Thrombopoietin (TP)

39
Q

What should you know about Monocytes?

A
  • Large relative to lymphocyte
  • Horseshoe shaped nucleus
  • Primary azurophilic (blue-staining granules)
  • Lysosomes contain peroxidase
  • Actively phagocytose microorganisms
  • Long-lived (months to years)
40
Q

What should you know about polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A
  • Short-lived (2-3 days)
  • Adhesion is mediated by receptors on granulocytes and ligands on endothelial cells and promoted by chemo-attractants like IL-8
  • Main role in phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens
  • 95% of circulating granulocytes are neutrophils
41
Q

What two types of granules do neutrophils have?

A
  1. Primary (azurophilic) granules - lysosomes containing acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase, and mermaids (lysozyme), antimicrobial proteins: defensins, cathelicidins, bacterial permeability including protein
  2. Secondary granules (specific to neutrophils): lactoferrin and lysozyme

IHO FINAL (12 decks)

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