Immunology L1

Question 1

Define terms Imployed in this lecture and in the Abbas Chapter.

Answer 1

Innate immunity:
Adaptive Immunity:
     -Humoral Immunity:
            *antibodies
             *B Lymphocytes
     -cell-Mediated immunity:
             * T Lymphocytes:
     -specificity & Diversity
     -Immunologic memory:
            *Primary Immune response:
             * secondary immune responses:
      - Clonal expansion
Antigen:
Active immunity:
Passive immunity:
    -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Cells of IMMUNE SYSTEM\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Antigen-presenting cells:
effector cells:
Helper T-cells:
cytotoxic T Lymphocytes:
Regulatory T Lymphocytes:
Naive Lymphocytes:
Effector Lymphocytes:
        -Plasma cells:
Cytokines:
Memory cells:
dendritic cells:
Follicular Dendritic cells:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_tissue of immun system\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Peripheral Lymphoid Organs:
Lymph nodes
Lymph
spleen 
follicles
germinal center
chemokines
High endothelial venules
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_overview \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
 Inflamation 
antiviral mechanisms

Question 2

Define & compare Immunogenicity vs antigenicity

Answer 2

-Immunogenicity is that the body recognizes the molecules but does not respond.
-antigenicity: body recognizes molecules and CAUSES a response.
ALL IMMUNOGENS ARE ANTIGENIC, BUT NOT ALL ANTIGENS ARE IMMUNOGENIC.

Question 3

Define Hapten and explain the Hapten carrier effect.

Answer 3

Hapten is a molecule that does not cause a response in the body. If the Hapten was combined to another antigen then it would produce an antigen because the other antigen would be recognized.

Question 4

Identify, compare and contrast the functions of the primary (generative) and the secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs.

Answer 4

\_\_\_ Primary organs:
-Bone marrow (B cells cell development)
-Thymus (T cell development)
*after production of B&T lymphocytes they enter the circulation and the Peripheral Lymphoid organs, they encounter antigen for which they express specific receptors.
\_\_\_\_\_Secondary organs:
- Lymph nodes
 -Spleen
 -MALT (mucosa associated 
          lymphoid tissue)
 -GALT (gut-associated
         lymphoid tissue)
 -Skin
*from what I understand the T and B lymphocytes go to the secondary organs to get trained in recognizing antigens, after that they go all over the body searching.

Question 5

Compare and contrast the key differences between innate and adaptive immune responses.

Answer 5

_Innate takes hours to respond, specificity is limited and fixed, response to repeat infection, it is identical to primary response. Major components are Barriers( skin) Phagocytes;patter recognition molecules.
-Adaptive takes Days till it responds, specificity is highly diverse; improves during the course of immune response. Response to repeat infection is more rapid, and major components are lymphocytes’ antigen-specific receptors; antibodies.

Question 6

Identify the five protective mechanisms associated with antigen-antibody binding and explain why they are important to the immune response.

Answer 6

1. Agglutination: Reduces # of infectious units to be dealt with. ( antibodies hook up more than one bacteria)
   2.Opsonization: Coating antigen with antibody ( chocolate syrup)
   enhances phagocytosis.
   3.Neutralization: Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to the mucosa. ( antibodies surround the bacterium not allowing it to attach anywhere.)
   blocks attachment of toxins
   4.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by eosinophils NK cells. ( antibody marks the antigen eosinophils come and destroy it)
2. Activation of complement: Causes inflammation and cell lysis ( causes holes in antigen)

Question 7

Explain how the innate and adaptive immune responses work together.

Answer 7

The Innate response is quick trying attack as my antigens as possible, in a few days if it has not been cleared the adaptive immune responses work together joins the fight. ( does the Innate system alert the adaptive response)? READ more

Question 8

Explain the differences between primary and secondary immune responses.

Answer 8

• primary Immune response is initiated by lymphocytes called naive( not having previously responded to antigens) lymphocytes that are seeing antigen for the first time.
• secondary immune responses are more rapid, larger, and better able to eliminate the antigen than primary responses, because of memory lymphocytes induced during primary response.