Immunology- First Aid

Question 1

Mechanism by which splenic macrophages remove encapsulated organisms

Answer 1

IgM–>complement activation–>C3b opsonization

Question 2

Encapsulated organisms

Answer 2

Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae B, Neisseria meningitis, E.coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Group B Strep

Question 3

C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency

Answer 3

hereditary angioedema, ACEI’s are contraindicated (C1 esterase inhibitor prevents complement activation on self cells)

Question 4

C3 deficiency

Answer 4

increase risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections, increased susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions (C3 needed for opsonization)

Question 5

C5-9 deficiency

Answer 5

susceptibility to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia (MAC defends against gram-negative bacteria)

Question 6

DAF deficiency

Answer 6

causes complement-mediated lysis of RBC’s and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (DAF is inhibitor of complement system)

Question 7

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Answer 7

• anaphylaxis (bee sting, drug allergies, food allergies)

- allergic and atopic disorders (rhinitis, hay fever, eczema, hives, asthma)

Question 8

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

Answer 8

autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, erythroblastosis fetalis, acute hemolytic transfusion reactions, rheumatic fever, goodpasture syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris

Question 9

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

Answer 9

SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, post-strep glomerulonephritis, serum sickness, arthus reaction

Question 10

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

Answer 10

MS, guillain barre, graft versus host disease, PPD, contact dermatitis

Question 11

Cyclosporine mech

Answer 11

• Calcineurin inhibitor
• binds cyclophilin
• prevents IL-2 transcription, blocking T cell activation

Question 12

Cyclosporine toxicity

Answer 12

nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, tremor, hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia

Question 13

Tacrolimus mech

Answer 13

• calcineurin inhibitor
• binds FK506 binding protein
• prevents IL-2 transcription, blocking T cell activation

Question 14

Tacrolimus toxicity

Answer 14

• increased risk of diabetes and neurotoxicity

- no gingival hyperplasia or hirsutism

Question 15

Sirolimus (Rapamycin) mech

Answer 15

• mTOR inhibitor
• binds FK506 binding protein
• prevents IL-2 signal transduction, blocking T cell activation and B cell differentiation

Question 16

Sirolmus (Rapamycin) toxicity

Answer 16

anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, non-nephrotoxic

Question 17

Basiliximab mech

Answer 17

monoclonal antibody; blocks IL-2R

Question 18

Basiliximab toxicity

Answer 18

edema, hypertension, tremor

Question 19

Azathioprine mech

Answer 19

• antimetabolite precursor of 6-mercaptopurine

- inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by blocking nucleotide synthesis

Question 20

Azathioprine toxicity

Answer 20

leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia

Question 21

Glucocorticoids mech

Answer 21

inhibits NF-kB, suppresses both B and T cell function by decreasing transcription of many cytokines

Question 22

Glucocorticoids toxicity

Answer 22

hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, central obesity, muscle breakdown, psychosis, acne, hypertension, cataracts, peptic ulcers

Question 23

Antigen-presenting Cells

Answer 23

B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells