Immunology

Question 1

Purpose of immunology

Answer 1

Allows us to understand immune response and develop control strategies

Question 2

What is variolation?

Answer 2

Inoculating the crusty bits from a lesion of a mild case of small pox into the skin with a needle

Question 3

What are the primary lymphoid organs and which cells are produced there?

Answer 3

Thymus (T cells)
Bone marrow (B cells)

Question 4

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 4

Spleen, lymph-nodes, tonsils

Question 5

What are the components of innate immunity?

Answer 5

Antigen independence, no lag phase, non-specific, no immunologic memory

Question 6

What are the components of adaptive immunity?

Answer 6

Antigen dependent, has a lag phase, antigen specific, memory

Question 7

What are the physical barriers used by innate immunity?

Answer 7

Gut villi, skin, respiratory tract, lung cilia

Question 8

What are the cells responsible for innate immunity?

Answer 8

Natural killer cells, mast cells, basophils, phagocytes, neutrophils

Question 9

What are the soluble factors used by adaptive immunity?

Answer 9

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies

Question 10

In innate immunity, what do you phagocytes defend the body against?

Answer 10

Bacteria, neutrophils ingest invading pathogens

Question 11

How do phagocytic cells recognise bacteria?

Answer 11

Lipopolysaccharide markers, sugar residues, teichoic acids, n- formyl peptides, bacterial heat-shock proteins

Question 12

How do you phagocytes to kill bacteria?

Answer 12

Through oxygen independent mechanisms, such as lysosomes, or oxygen dependent mechanisms, such as reactive oxygen species which cause oxidative burst

Question 13

Where are mast cells found?

Answer 13

In the tissue

Question 14

Where are basophils found?

Answer 14

In the blood

Question 15

What do mast cells and basophils contain which stimulate inflammation?

Answer 15

Cytoplasmic granules. Degranulation may be induced by trauma, toxins, venoms. Degranulation releases histamine, anticoagulants, leukotrienes, and cytokines.

Question 16

What is the role of natural killer cells?

Answer 16

To recognise infected cells without needing an antigen. They contain toxic chemicals in their granules which kill infected cells. The granules punch holes in the infected cell membrane and release high levels of cytokines.

Question 17

What is the role of the cells in adaptive immunity?

Answer 17

To produce antibodies, bind to toxins or microorganisms to neutralise them or tag them to be destroyed by other cells. This is known as humoural immunity.

Question 18

What are the three types of T cells?

Answer 18

T-helper 1 which produce cytokines that activate macrophages.
T-helper 2 which produce cytokines that activate mast cells and eosinophils.
- this coordinates the immune response-
Cytotoxic T cells which express CD8 and interact with the target cells, they recognise antigens and cause the cells to undergo apoptosis

Question 19

What is the role of T cells in adaptive immunity?

Answer 19

To recognise antigens